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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (Topnotcher QT) > LIPIDS & LIPOPROTEINS > Flashcards

LIPIDS & LIPOPROTEINS Flashcards

1
Q

Fatty or waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water:

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Types of Lipids:

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Glycerides
  • Nonglyceride lipids
  • Complex lipids
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3
Q

Types of Fatty acids:

A
  • Saturated fatty acids
  • Unsaturated fatty acids
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4
Q

Types of Glycerides:

A
  • Neutral glycerides (Triglycerides)
  • Phosphoglycerides (Phospholipids)
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5
Q

Types of Nonglyceride lipids:

A
  • Steroids
  • Sphingolipids (sphingomyelin, glycolipids)
  • Waxes
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6
Q

Example of complex lipids:

A

Lipoproteins

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7
Q

Building blocks of lipids; hydrocarbon chain with a terminal COO- group:

A

Fatty acids

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8
Q

3 fatty acid molecules attached to one molecule of glycerol by ester bonds; serves as main storage form of energy, insulator, shock absorber and integral part of cell membrane.

A

Triglycerides

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9
Q

Similar to triglycerides except that the third position on the glycerol backbone contains a phospholipid head group

A

Phospholipids

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10
Q

Serves as part of cell membrane and as parent chain for aldosterone, cortisol and the sex hormones:

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

Two forms of cholesterol:

A
  1. Cholesterol esters - approximately 70% of total cholesterol
  2. Free cholesterol - approximately 30% of total cholesterol
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12
Q

Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo A-1:

A

HDL

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13
Q

Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo B-100:

A

LDL, VLDL

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14
Q

Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo B-48:

A

Chylomicron

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15
Q

Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo E:

A

VLDL, HDL

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16
Q

Major lipoprotein(s) of Apo (a):

A

Lp (a)

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17
Q

Types of Major Liporproteins:

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
  3. LDL
  4. HDL
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18
Q
  • Largest but the least dense lipoprotein
  • Highest TG content
  • causes postprandial (after meal) turbidity
A

Chylomicrons

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19
Q

What is the function of chylomicrons?

A

Transports EXOGENOUS/dietary Triglyceride (TG)

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20
Q
  • 2nd largest lipoprotein
  • 2nd least dense
  • 2nd highest TG content
  • causes FASTING HYPERLIPIDEMIC TURBIDITY
A

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

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21
Q

What is the function of VLDL?

A

Transports ENDOGENOUS/hepatic TG

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22
Q
  • Lipolysis of VLDL
  • Highest CHOLESTEROL content
  • target for cholesterol lowering therapy
  • high risk for developing atherosclerosis if levels are elevated
A

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

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23
Q

What is the function of LDL?

A

Transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissue (increases risk of atherosclerosis)

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24
Q
  • Smallest but the densest lipoprotein
  • Highest protein content
A

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

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25
Q

What is the function of HDL?

A

Reverse transport of cholesterol (p. tissue to liver)

NOTE: High HDL —> Low risk of atherosclerosis

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26
Q

Examples of Abnormal lipoproteins:

A
  1. Beta-VLDL
  2. Lp(a)
  3. LpX
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27
Q

Floating Beta-lipoprotein; increased in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia:

A

Beta-VLDL

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28
Q

Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein; LDL-like particle; increased risk if premature coronary heart disease and stroke:

A

Lp(a)

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29
Q

Abnormal lipoprotein seen in patient with biliary cirrhosis or cholestasis and in patients with mutations in the enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT):

A

LpX

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30
Q

NCEP Guidelines: LDL cholesterol reference range

Optimal:
Very high:

A

NCEP Guidelines: LDL cholesterol reference range

Optimal: <100 mg/dL
Veri high: >/= 190 mg/dL

31
Q

NCEP Guidelines: Total cholesterol reference range

Desirable:
High:

A

NCEP Guidelines: Total cholesterol reference range

Desirable: <200 mg/dL
High: >/= 240 mg/dL

32
Q

NCEP Guidelines: HDL cholesterol reference range

High:
Low:

A

NCEP Guidelines: HDL cholesterol reference range

High: >/= 60 mg/dL
Low: <40 mg/dL

33
Q

NCEP Guidelines: Triglyceride reference range

Normal:
Very high:

A

NCEP Guidelines: Triglyceride reference range

Normal: <150 mg/dL
Very high: >/= 500 mg/dL

34
Q

Other name of Type 1 - Familial LPL deficiency:

A

Hyperchylomicronemia

35
Q

Other name of Type 2a lipid disorder:

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia

36
Q

Other name of Type 2b lipid disorder:

A

Familial combined hyperlipidemia

37
Q

Other name of Type 3 lipid disorder:

A

Familial Dysbetalipoprotenemia

38
Q

Other name of Type 4 lipid disorder:

A

Familial Hypertriglyceridemia

39
Q

Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder

TG: High
Chylo: High
Chol: Normal
LDL: Normal
VLDL: Normal

A

Type 1 - Hyperchylomicronemia; Familial LPL deficiency

40
Q

Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder

TG: Normal
Chylo: Normal
Chol: High
LDL: High
VLDL: Normal

A

Type 2a - Familial Hypercholesterolemia

41
Q

Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder

TG: High
Chylo: High
Chol: Normal
LDL: High
VLDL: High

A

Type 2b - Familial combined hyperlipidemia

42
Q

Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder

TG: High
Chylo: High
Chol: Normal
LDL: Normal
VLDL: High

A

Type 3 - Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia

43
Q

Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder

TG: High
Chylo: Normal
Chol: Normal
LDL: Normal
VLDL: High

A

Type 4 - Familial Hypertriglyceridemia

44
Q

Fredrickson classification of lipid disorder

TG: High
Chylo: High
Chol: High
LDL: Normal
VLDL: High

A

Type 5 - Hypertriglyceridemia

45
Q

Parts of the lipid profile:

A
  • Total cholesterol
  • Triglyceride
  • HDL cholesterol
  • LDL cholesterol
46
Q

Fasting requirement for Lipid profile:

A

12 hours / 10-12 hours

47
Q

Parameter(s) that can be measured in lipid profile without fasting:

A

Total cholesterol and HDL-C

48
Q

Preferred sample for lipid profile:

A

Serum and plasma

49
Q

Preferred sample in electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation:

50
Q

Lipemic samples are seen when triglyceride levels exceed:

A

exceed 4.6 mmol/L (400 mg/dL)

51
Q

Previous reference method for Cholesterol measurement:

A

Abell-Kendall method

52
Q

What reagent is used in Abell-Kendall method?

A

Liebermann-Burchard reagent

53
Q

What is the NEW reference method for Cholesterol measurement?

A

GC-MS method

54
Q

What enzyme is used in cholesterol measurement enzymatic method?

A

Cholesteryl esterase

NOTE: other enzymes -
- cholesterol oxidase
- Peroxidase

55
Q

Definitive method for cholesterol measurement:

A

Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)

56
Q

Reference method for triglyceride measurements:

A

GC-MS method

57
Q

In triglyceride measurement, the colorimetric method is called:

A

Van Handel & Zilversmith

58
Q

Positive result of Van Handel & Zilversmith:

A

Blue colored compound

59
Q

Fluorometric method for triglyceride measurement:

60
Q

What is the reference method of lipoprotein measurement:

A

Ultracentrifugation

61
Q

In lipoprotein electrophoresis, the most common medium for separation of intact lipoproteins is:

A

Agarose gel

62
Q

Preferred anticoagulant for lipoprotein analysis:

A

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

Note: because it preserves lipoproteins over time (Elsevier)

63
Q

Stains used in lipoprotein electrophoresis:

A
  • Oil Red O
  • Fat Red 7B
  • Sudan Black B
64
Q

Arrangement of lipoproteins in electrophoresis from most anodal to least anodal:

A
  • HDL (a-lipoprotein) - most anodal
  • VLDL (pre B-lipoprotein)
  • LDL (B-lipoprotein)
  • Chylomicron
65
Q

Arrangement of lipoprotein in Ultra centrifugation from densest to least dense:

A
  • HDL (densest)
  • LDL
  • IDL
  • VLDL
  • Chylomicron (least dense)
66
Q

In chemical precipitation for lipoprotein analysis, what polyanion and divalent cation is used for HDL:

A

Polyanion = Dextran sulfate
Divalent cation = magnesium

HDL - dextran sulfate + magnesium

67
Q

What calculation is used to compute for LDL?

A

Friedewald calculation

68
Q

Give the Friedewald calculation formula:

A

LDL-c = [TC] - [HDL-c] - (plasma TG/2.175)

69
Q

Values used in Friedewald calculation if

in mmol/L = ______
in mg/dL = ______

A

Values used in Friedewald calculation if

in mmol/L = 2.175
in mg/dL = 5

70
Q

Values used in DeLong (LDL computation) if

in mmol/L = ______
in mg/dL = ______

A

Values used in DeLong (LDL computation) if

in mmol/L = 2.825
in mg/dL = 6.5

71
Q

An extreme form of HYPOALPHALIPOPROTEINEMIA (low HDL); increases risk for premature CHD:

A

Tangier disease

72
Q

What apolipoprotein is decreased in Tangier Disease?

73
Q

Relationship between LDL and risk for atherosclerosis:

A

Increased risk for atherosclerosis (Direct)

74
Q

Relationship between HDL and risk for atherosclerosis:

A

Decreased risk for atherosclerosis (Inverse)

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (Topnotcher QT) (13 decks)

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