CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
Type of carbohydrate that has 3 to 10 sugar units
Oligosaccharides
What type of bond links the carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bond
Examples of Monosaccharides:
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Examples of Disaccharides:
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Examples of Polysaccharides:
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Sucrose is comprised of:
Glucose + Fructose
Lactose is comprised of:
Glucose + Galactose
Maltose is comprised of:
Glucose + Glucose
Enzymes that breaks down polymers to dextrins and disaccharides:
- Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
- Pancreatic amylase (amylopsin)
Source of amylase:
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Disaccharides are further hydrolyzed into monosaccharides by specific enzymes called:
Disaccharidases
- Sucrase
- Maltase
- Lactase
Only carbohydrate used directly for energy:
Glucose
What is the main purpose of Glycolysis:
Generate ATP
When does glucose become lactate?
if glycolysis is ANAEROBIC
When does glucose become pyruvate?
if glycolysis is AEROBIC
Glycolysis product that can be a marker for HYPOXIA:
Lactate measurement
Most common enzyme deficiency of EMP:
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency
NOTE: causes Hemolytic Anemia
Most common enzyme deficiency of HMS:
G6PD deficiency
NOTE: causes Hemolytic Anemia
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway (HMS) generates:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
Glycolysis
Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
Glycogenolysis
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Glycogenesis
Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Lipogenesis
Decomposition of fat
Lipolysis
Produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans; only hypoglycemic hormone
Insulin
Marker for ENDOGENOUS insulin production, byproduct of converting proinsulin to insulin:
C-peptide
Where is Glucagon produced?
Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans
Group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
DIABETES MELLITUS
Type of DM characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin caused by an autoimmune attack on the beta cells of the pancreas
Type 1 DM
Type of DM characterized by a combination of insulin resistance and dysfunctional beta cells
Type 2 DM
Pancreatogenic diabetes:
Type 3C
What type of DM is prone to ketoacidosis?
Type 1 DM
Glucose intolerance with inset of first recognition during pregnancy:
GDM (Gestational DM)
Large % of patients with GDM develop DM within _____ years:
5-10 years
Screening test for GDM:
2-hour GTT using a 75g glucose load
Diagnostic criteria for DM in Random Plasma Glucose:
> /= 200 mg/dL (>/= 11.1 mmol/L) + Symptoms of DM (3Ps of DM)
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Polyphagia
Diagnostic criteria for DM in Fasting Plasma Glucose:
> /= 126 mg/dL (>/= 7.0 mmol/L)
Diagnostic criteria for DM in Two (2)-hour Plasma Glucose:
> /= 200 mg/dL (>/= 11.1 mmol/L)
Impaired fasting glucose level:
100-125 mg/dL or 5.6-6.9 mmol/L
Impaired glucose tolerance level:
140-199 mg/dL or 7.8-11.0 mmol/L
HBA1c prediabetes level:
5.7-6.4%
HBA1c DM level:
> 6.5%
For every 1% increase in HBA1c, there is a corresponding _____ mg/dL change in plasma glucose:
35 mg/dL
OGTT should be performed after an overnight ___________ hour fast.
8- to 14-hour fast
In OGTT, if the specimen #1 (FPG) is >140 mg/dL, what should the MedTech OD do?
Discontinue the test
NOTE: the patient is already diabetic
In OGTT, a 4th specimen is collected only when:
The glucose load used is 100 grams
The ADA also recommends that HBA1c is tested at least _______ to monitor long-term glycemic control.
twice a year (2x)
Controlled DM HBA1c level:
Uncontrolled DM HBA1c level:
Controlled: <7%
Uncontrolled: >7%
The plasma glucose concentration at which glucagon is released is between:
65 and 70 mg/dL
Observable symptoms of hypoglycemia appears at levels of:
50 to 55 mg/dL
Components of Whipple’s triad:
- Fasting hypoglycemia (50 mg/dL)
- Symptoms of hypoglycemia
- Immediate relief of symptoms with IV glucose
What fluid where glucose is not measured?
Semen
Standard clinical specimen for diagnosis of DM:
Fasting Venous Plasma
Glucose is metabolized at room temperature at a rate of:
7 mg/dL/hour
Fasting blood sugar should be obtained after ________ hours of fasting:
8-10 hours of fasting
Whole blood glucose levels is _________% lower vs plasma levels:
10-15% lower
At 4 degrees Celsius, glucose decreases by approximately __________
2 mg/dL/hour
Alternative antiglycolytic agent:
Iodoacetate
CSF glucose levels is _________ of plasma levels:
CSF glucose levels is 60-70% of plasma levels
As little as 10% contamination with 5% dextrose (D5W) will elevate glucose in a sample by _____________________.
500 mg/dL or more
