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CLIN CHEM > LIPIDS & LIPOPROTEINS > Flashcards

LIPIDS & LIPOPROTEINS Flashcards

1
Q

Lipoprotein component : surface

A

Apolipoproteins
Phospholipids
Non-esterified cholesterol

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2
Q

Lipoprotein component : core

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol esters
Free fatty acids

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3
Q

Apolipoprotein : structural, *LCAT activator

A

Apo A-I

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4
Q

Apolipoprotein : Structural, *LDL-Receptor ligand

A

Apo B-100

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5
Q

Apolipoprotein : structural, remnant receptor ligand

A

Apo B-48

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6
Q

Apolipoprotein : structural, *LPL cofactor

A

Apo C-II

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7
Q

Apolipoprotein : structural, *LPL inhibitor

A

Apo C-III

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8
Q

Apolipoprotein : Recognition factor that targets chylomicron and VLDL remnants to hepatic receptor

A

Apo E

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9
Q

Catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol

A

Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

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10
Q

Mediates the endocytosis of lipoproteins especially LDL

A

LDL receptor

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11
Q

Catalyzes the hydrolysis of TG in lipoproteins releasing free fatty acids and glycerol to tissues

A

Lipoprotein lipase

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12
Q

DENSITIY : Chylomicrons

A

<0.93 kg/L

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13
Q

DENSITIY : VLDL

A

0.93 - 1.006 Kg/L

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14
Q

DENSITIY : LDL

A

1.019 - 1.063 kg/L

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15
Q

DENSITIY : HDL

A

1.063 - 1.21 kg/L

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16
Q

Major lipoprotein : HDL

A

Apo A1

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17
Q

Major lipoprotein : LDL

A

Apo B100

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18
Q

Major lipoprotein : VLDL

A

Apo B100

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19
Q

Major lipoprotein : Chylomicrons

A

Apo B48

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20
Q

Reverse cholesterol transport

cholesterol: tissues —> liver (good)

A

HDL

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21
Q

Cholesterol : Liver —> tissues (bad)

A

LDL

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22
Q

Order of Lipoproteins according to density (ultracentrifugation)

Top to bottom

A

Chylomicrons > VLDL > LDL > HDL

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23
Q

Order of Lipoproteins according to SPE migration pattern

From origin

A

Chylomicrons > LDL > VLDL > HDL

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24
Q

Transports exogenous lipids

A

Chylomicrons

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25
Q

Transports endogenous lipids

A

VLDL

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26
Q

Lipolytic product of VLDL catabolism taken up by the liver or converted to LDL; density, electrophoretic mobility, protein and lipid contents are intermediate between those VLDL and LDL

A

IDL

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27
Q

Floating beta lipoprotein ; high cholesterol content ; seen in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia or dysbetalipoproteinemia

Density similar to VLDL ; migrates in Beta region

A

B-VLDL

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28
Q

Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein ; contains the prothrombic Apo(a) which is homologous with plasminogen ; associated with stroke, MI, CHD ;

Density similar to LDL ; migrates in pre-beta region

A

Lp(a)

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29
Q

Abnormal lipoprotein associated with obstructive biliary disease ad LCAT deficiency consists mostly of Phospholipids and non esterifid cholesterol

A

LpX

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30
Q

Fredrickson classification :

Chylomicrons (High triglycerides)

A

Type 1 (familial LPL deficiency)

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31
Q

Fredrickson classification :

High LDL, triglycerides ; abnormal LDL receptor gene

A

Type 2a (familial hypercholesterolemia)

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32
Q

Fredrickson classification :

High LDL and VLDL (high cholesterol & triglycerides)

A

Type 2b (familial combined hyperlipidemia)

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33
Q

Fredrickson classification :

High IDL, B-VLDL (high cholesterol & triglycerides)

A

Type 3 (familial dysbetalipoproteinemia)

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34
Q

Fredrickson classification :

High VLDL (high triglycerides)

A

Type 4 (familial hypertryglyceridemia)

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35
Q

Fredrickson classification :

High Chylomicrons, VLDL (high cholesterol & triglycerides)

A

Type V (mixed hypelipidemia)

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36
Q

High Chylomicrons and VLDL = high _____

A

Triglycerides = xanthomas, increased risk of pancreatitis

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37
Q

High LDL = High ____

A

High total cholesterol = xanthelasma, high risk of coronary heart disease

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38
Q

Yellow pruritis papulonodules associated with elevated triglycerides

A

Eruptive xanthomas

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39
Q

Yellow periorbital papilla associated with high cholesterol

A

Xanthelasma

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40
Q

Also known as Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome (acanthocytes) ; autosomal recessive disorder involving mutations in MTTP gene with absolute nonexistent levels of Apo B48 and Apo b100, absence of Apo B-containing lipoproteins ; total cholesterol very low and triglyceride level nearly undetectable

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

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41
Q

Autosomal dominant disorder caused by nonsense or missense mutations in the apoB gene ; LOW total cholesterol and normal to LOW triglycerides level

A

Hypobetalipoproteinemia

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42
Q

Rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by low to undetectable HDL due to mutation in the ABCA1 gene

A

Tangier disease

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43
Q

Common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by HDL-C levels <30 mg/dL (men) or <40 mg/dL (women)

A

Hypoalphalipoproteinemia

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44
Q

Cholesterol chemical method: steps

A

Saponificaiton
Extraction
Purification
Colorimetry

45
Q

Saponification reagent

A

Alcoholic KOH

46
Q

Hydrolysis of cholesterol esters

A

Saponification

47
Q

Extraction reagent

A

Bloor’s reagent (ethanol-ether)

48
Q

Removal of protein interference

A

Extraction

49
Q

Purification reagent

50
Q

Precipitation of free cholesterol

A

Purification

51
Q

Colorimetry reagent (Lieberman-Burchardt)

A

H2SO4, acetic anhydride

52
Q

Colorimetry reagent (Salkowski)

A

H2SO4, Ferric iron

53
Q

Cholesterol + H2SO4 + (CH3CO)2O —> cholestadienyl monosulfonic acid

A

Lieberman-Burchardt

54
Q

Cholesterol + H2SO4 + Fe3+ —> cholestadienyl disulfonic acid

55
Q

Cholestadienyl monosulfonic acid color

56
Q

Cholestadienyl disulfonic acid color

57
Q

CDC reference method which involves saponification with alcoholic KOH extraction with n-hexane/petroleum-ether and colorimetry using the Liebermann-Burchardt reagent

A

Modified Abell-Kendall

58
Q

AKA Abell-Levy-Brodie method

A

Modified Abell-Kendall

59
Q

Cholesterol reference value : desirable

A

<200 mg/dL

60
Q

Cholesterol reference value : borderline high

A

200-239 mg/dL

61
Q

Cholesterol reference value : high

A

240 mg/dL and above

62
Q

Recommended cut off points for ages 2-19 : moderate risk

A

170 mg/dL and above

63
Q

Recommended cut off points for ages 2-19 : high risk

A

185 mg/dL and above

64
Q

Recommended cut off points for ages 20-29: moderate risk

A

200 mg/dL and above

65
Q

Recommended cut off points for ages 20-29: high risk

A

220 mg/dL and above

66
Q

Recommended cut off points for ages 30-39: moderate risk

A

220 mg/dL and above

67
Q

Recommended cut off points for ages 30-39: high risk

A

240 mg/dL and above

68
Q

Recommended cut off points for ages 40 and above : moderate risk

A

240 mg/dL and above

69
Q

Recommended cut off points for ages 40 and above : high risk

A

260 mg/dL and above

70
Q

Hyperlipoproteinemia types 2a, 2b, 3, nephrotic syndrome, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism

A

Hypercholesterolemia

71
Q

Severe liver disease, malnutrition, malabsorption, hyperthyroidism

A

Hypocholesterolemia

72
Q

Triglycerides colorimetric method

A

Van Handel-Zilversmit

73
Q

Colored compound in van Handel-Zilversmit method

A

Pink or blue

74
Q

CDC reference method

A

Modified van Handel-Zilversmit

75
Q

Colored compound in Modified van Handel-Zilversmit method

76
Q

Triglycerides fluorometric method

77
Q

Color of diacetyl lutidine in Hantzsch method (fluorometric)

78
Q

Triglyceride reference value : normal

A

<150 mg/dL

79
Q

Triglyceride reference value : borderline high

A

150-199 mg/dL

80
Q

Triglyceride reference value : high

A

200–249 mg/dL

81
Q

Triglyceride reference value : very high

A

500 mg/dL and above

82
Q

Appearance of plasma (TRIGLYCERIDE) : <200 mg/dL

83
Q

Appearance of plasma (TRIGLYCERIDE) : >3000 mg/dL

A

Hazy or turbid

84
Q

Appearance of plasma (TRIGLYCERIDE) : >600 mg/dL

A

Opaque and milky (lactescent)

85
Q

Hyperlipoproteinemia types 1, 2b, 3, 4, 5, nephrotic syndrome, alcoholism, pancreatitis, hypothyroidism

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

86
Q

Malnutrition, malabsorption syndrome, hyperthyroidism

A

Hypotriglyceridemia

87
Q

In standing plasma test, __ mL of plasma in a 10x75 test tube is allowed to stand at _C undisturbed ____

A

2 mL ; 4C ; overnight

88
Q

Standing plasma test : ______ accumulates as a flatting cream layer ; ____ makes the sample remain turbid after standing

A

Chylomicrons ; VLDL

89
Q

HDL-C measurement : involves adjusting the sample to a density of 1.063 (POTASSIUM BROMIDE) followed by centrifugation at high speed overnight

A

Ultracentrifugation

90
Q

HDL-C measurement : immunologic assay involving blockage of non-HDL lipoproteins using an antibody to Apo B-100

A

Homogenous (direct assay)

91
Q

HDL-C measurement : CDC reference method

A

Ultracentrifugation, heparin-Mn2+ precipitation, and Abell-Kendall assay

92
Q

HDL-C Reference value : high risk for CHD

93
Q

HDL-C Reference value : desirable

A

60 mg/dL and above

94
Q

LDL-C measurement : involves centrifugation (to separate VLDL and Chylomicrons) and precipitation (to remove HDL)

A

B-QUANTIFICATION

95
Q

LDL-C measurement : uses detergents or other chemicals to BLOCK or solubilize non-LDL lipoprotein classes to allow for quantitation of LDL

A

Homogenous (direct assay)

96
Q

Calculation formula for LDL

A

Total cholesterol - (HDL + VLDL)

97
Q

VLDL estimation : Fridewald

A

VLDL (md/dL) = Triglyceride / 5
VLDL (mmol/L) = Triglyceride / 2.175

98
Q

VLDL estimation : De Long

A

VLDL (mg/dL) = Trigylceride / 6.5
VLDL (mmol/L) = Triglyceride / 2.825

99
Q

VLDL estimation : Martin-Hopkins

A

VLDL = TG / adjustable factor

100
Q

Fridewald calculation is unreliable when TG level is high (noticeable error at TG _____ mg/dL ; error unacceptably high at TG ___ mg/dL

High values of TG can cause _____ calculated LDL

A

> 200 mg/dL ; >400 mg/dL ; falsely decreased

101
Q

LDL-C reference value : optimal

A

<100 mg/dL

102
Q

LDL-C reference value : near to above optimal

A

100-129 mg/dL

103
Q

LDL-C reference value : borderline high

A

130-159 mg/dL

104
Q

LDL-C reference value : high

A

160-189 mg/dL

105
Q

LDL-C reference value : very high

A

190 mg/dL and above

106
Q

NCEP Guidelines for Acceptable Measurement Error (CV) :

Cholesterol
Triglyceride
LDL-C
HDL-C

A

3% or less
5% or less
4% or less
4% or less

107
Q

NCEP Guidelines for Acceptable Measurement Error : BIAS

Cholesterol
Triglyceride
LDL-C
HDL-C

A

3 % or less
5 % or less
4 % or less
5 % or less

108
Q

NCEP Guidelines for Acceptable Measurement Error : TOTAL ERROR

A

9% or less
15%or less
12% or less
13% or less

CLIN CHEM (10 decks)

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