INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards
(287 cards)
1
Q
Uunit for volume
A
liter / L
2
Q
unit used for catalytic activity
A
Katal / Kat
3
Q
unit used for mass
A
Kilogram / kg
4
Q
unit for amount of substance
A
mole / mol
5
Q
unit used for length
A
meter / m
6
Q
unit used for luminous intensity
A
Candela/cd
7
Q
unit for electric current
A
Ampere / A
8
Q
unit for thermodynamic temperature
A
Kelvin / K
9
Q
temperature conversion : farenheit to celsius
A
C = ( F - 32 ) / 1.8
10
Q
temperature conversion : celsius to farenheit
A
F = 1.8 x C + 32
11
Q
factor for pico
A
10^(-12)
12
Q
factor for nano
A
10^(-9)
13
Q
factor for micro
A
10^(-6)
14
Q
factor for milli
A
10^(-3)
15
Q
factor for centi
A
10^(-2)
16
Q
factor for deci
A
10^(-1)
17
Q
number of moles of solute per LITER OF SOLUTION
A
MOLARITY
18
Q
molarity formula
A
M = g/L / MW or g/dl x 10 / MW
M = N / V
19
Q
normality formula
A
N = g/L / EW or g/dl x 10 / EW
N = M x V
20
Q
equivalent weight formula
A
MW / valence
21
Q
number of moles of solute per KILOGRAM OF SOLVENT
A
molality
22
Q
amount of solute per 100 total unit if solution. ; expressed as % w/v, w/w, or v/v
A
percent solution
23
Q
expression of relative concentration
A
dilution
24
Q
volume of sample or stock divided by total volume of solution
A
simple dilution
25
done when a weaker reagent concentration is needed than the stock substance available
dilution of stock solution
26
done when the analyte concentration is too high and exceeds the detection limit of the method
dilution of sample
27
smount of something relative to another; expressed as part per part or part per whole
ratio
28
measures of center (3)
mean, median, mode
29
average or arithmetic mean
mean
30
midpoint of a data set after the values have been rank-ordered
median
31
most frequently occuring value in a data set
mode
32
also known as variability or distribution
measures of spread
33
measures of spread (3)
standard deviation
coefficient of variation
range
34
data points are distributed symmetrically around the mean (bell shaped curve) with most values close to the center
gaussian/normal distribution
35
the empirical rule that Gaussian distribution follows
68-95-99.7% rule - confidence interval
36
a pair of medical decsion points that span the limits of results expected for a defined HEALTHY POPULATION
reference interval
37
in verifying a reference interval, it requires at least ___ study individuals ; Reference interval is adopted if ____ of the subjects fall outside the range
20 ; 10% or less
38
in establishing a reference interval, it requires at least ____ study individuals ; RI is set based on the ___
120 ; 95% CI = mean +/- 25
39
first step in method evaluation; usually done by running two control materials twice a day over a 10-day period
precision study
40
precision study is the first step in method evaluation; usually done by running two control materials ___ a day over a ____ period
twice ; 10-day
41
involves spiking a sample with a known amount of an analyte and determining HOW MUCH IT CAN BE DETECTED by the method in the presence of other compunds in the matrix
recovery study
42
compares the MEANS of the two groups of data or the ACCURACY of two method
T test
43
compares the STANDARD DEVIATIONS of two groups of data or the PRECISION of two procedures
F test
44
used to compare two methods using the best fit LINE through the DATA POINTS
linear regression
45
VOYD
vertical
ordinate
y axis
dependent
46
HAXI
Horizontal
Abscissa
X axis
Independent
47
if there is no cv cut off value for a given analyte, the rule of thumb applies in which the cv must be ____ to be precise
less than 10%.
48
best indicator of precision
coefficient of variation
49
the relationship between cv and precision
inversely proportional
50
a measure of spread that is greatly affected by outliers making it unreliable
range
51
commonly used as the confidence interval in research and laboratory statistics
95%
52
ability of a method to detect the smallest concentration of an analyte
analytical sensitivity
53
ability of method to detect ONLY the analyte of interest
analytical specificity
54
ability of test to detect A GIVEN DISEASE or condition ; proportion of individuals WITH THE DISEASE who have a positive result
diagnostic sensitivity
55
ability pf a trst to detect the ABSENCE of a given disease or condition ; proportion of individuals with NO DISEASE who have a NEGATIVE test result
diagnostic specificity
56
probability that a POSITIVE test result indicates disease ; proportion of individuals with a POSITIVE RESULT who TRULY HAVE THE DISEASE
postive predictive value
57
probability that a NEGATIVE test result indicates absence of disease ; proportion of individuals with a NEGATIVE RESULT who TRULY DO NOT HAVE THE DISEASE
negative predictive value
58
most widely used approach to quality improvement in the healthcare
PDCA CYCLE / DEMING CYCLE
59
provides both a management philosophy organizational development process for improvement of quality on ALL ASPECTS of work
Total Quality Management (TQM)
60
TQMs Five-Q Framework
quality planning
quality laboratory process
quality control
quality assessment
quality improvement
61
based on the statistics and quantitative measurements applied in the clinical laboratory to REDUCE the frequency of test ERRORS or the number of DPMOs
Six sigma
62
5 steps of SIX SIGMA (DMAIC)
define
measure
analyze
improve
control
63
designed to REDUCE WASTE ; increase efficiency and improve customer satisfaction; often used in clinical laboratories to improve TURN AROUND TIME
lean
64
categories of waste ( DOWN TIME )
defects
overproduction
waiting
non utilized talents
transport
inventory
motion
excess processing
65
lean-six sigma colored belt: understands the BASICS of lean-six sigma
yellow belt
66
lean-six sigma colored belt: team members who contribute APPROXIMATELY 20% of their time to quality imorovement projects
green belt
67
lean-six sigma colored belt: TEAM LEADERS who dedicate as much as 100% of their time to quality improvement projects
black belt
68
lean-six sigma colored belt: BLACK BELT with at least 2 YEARS of experience ; lean-six sigma advisers/coaches
master
69
process by which the laboratory ensures quality results by closely monitoring preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical phases of testing
quality assessment / quality assurance
70
ability to maintain accuracy and precision over an extended period of time during which equipment, reagents and personnel may change
reliability
71
closeness of the result to the true or actual value
accuracy
72
ability to produce a series of RESULTS that AGREE CLOSELY with each other ; commonly expressed in terms of coefficient of variation
precision
73
aka repeatability or reproducibility
precision
74
involves the analysis of at least 2 levels ofcontrol every 24 hours
internal quality control
75
involves the analysis of at least ___ levels of control every ____
2 levels ; 24 hours
76
in internal quality control, initial control limits are establisshed by analyzing controls for at least ___ consecutive days or runs
20
77
important for daily monitoring of accuracy and precision of analytical method
internal quality control
78
involves testing BLIND samples ( unknown concentration of analytes) sent periodically by regulatory agencies to participating laboratories
external quality assessment
79
aka the unknown concentration of analytes tested in external quality control
blind samples
80
important for maintaining the long term accuracy of analytical methods
external quality assessment
81
it is the distance from the mean in terms of standard deviation
z score
82
type of error taht is due to chance or an unpredictable cause; does not recur in regular pattern
random error
83
a type of error that is usually a one-time error
random error
84
random error: violations of westgard rules
12s, 13s, R4s
85
a type of error in which the causes are as follow : instrument instability e.g. temperature and voltage fluctuations, dirty glassware, sampling error, improper mixing of sample and reagent, operator variability e.g. pipetting error, anticoagulant or drug interference
random error
86
a type of error in which Causes are as follow: deterioration of reagents, change in reagent lot, unstable reagent blanks, calibration error, changes in standard concentration, contaminated control solutions, diminishing lamp power, dirty photometer, faulty ISE, and pipettor maintenance error
systematic error
87
a type of error thst affects precision
random error
88
a type of error that affects accuracy
systematic error
89
it is indicated by shift, trend or violation of the 22s, 44s, 81s, 10x
systematic error
90
westgard rule violations of systematic error
22s, 44s, 81s, 10x
91
type of error that affects ALL RESULTS, may be CONSTANT or PROPORTIONAL
systematic error
92
RECURRING ERROR inherent in test procedure; influences observations in ONE DIRECTION
sysematic error
93
abrupt change in the distribution of control values such that they accumulate on one side of the mean for 6 consecutive days
shift
94
major cause of shift
calibration or error in standard preparation
95
GRADUAL change in the distribution of control values such that they continue to INCREASE or DECREASE over a period 6 consecutive days passing through the mean
trend
96
major cause of trend
deterioration of reagent
97
HIGHLY DEVIATING control values caused by both random or systematic errors
outliers
98
prepared by plotting the CUSUM points or the algebraic sum of the difference between each QC result and the mean on the y axis and the run number the x axis.
CUSUM chart
99
used for interlaboratory comparison of monthly means by plotting the mean value FOR ONE SAMPLE on the y axis and the mean value FOR ANOTHER on the x axis;
tonks-youden / twin plot
100
effective method for comparing both within-laboratory and between-laboratory variability y
tonks-youden / twin plot
101
most commonly used QC chart
Shewart Levey - Jennings chart
102
hierarchy of controls from most to least effective
ELIMINATION
SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
PPE
103
isolate the people from the hazard
engineering controls
104
change the way people work
administrative controls
105
fume hoods, bsc, splash guards, guards on moving parts are example of what type of control
engineering controls
106
warning signs, SOPs, emergency response procedures are what type of control
administrative controls
107
sequence of donning
gown, mask, goggles, gloves
108
sequence of doffing
gloves, goggles, gown, mask
109
bsc type that sterilizes only the air to be exhausted and does not protect the work surface
bsc class I
110
bsc type that is commonly used un microbiology
bsc class II
111
bsc class II is also called as
vertical laminar flow bsc
112
bsc type that sterilizes the air that flow over the infectious material as well as the air ti be exhausted
bsc class II
113
bsc class II subtype in which 70% of air is recirculated and 30% is exhausted
bsc class II AI
114
bsc class II subtype that is similar with bsc class II AI but with higher intake air velocity
bsc class II A2
115
bsc class II subtype in which 30% of air is recirculated and 70% is exhausted
bsc class II B1
116
bsc class II subtype in which 100% of air is exhausted
BSC Class II B2
117
bsc class that is completely exposed with glove ports
bsc class III
118
provides the highest level of personnel protection ; for extremeley hazardous organism
bsc class III
119
decontaminating solution for body fluid spills
5.25 NaOCl or 10% chlorine bleach (1:10)
120
type of radiation used in germicidal lamps for biologic safety cabinets
ultraviolet (<400 nm)
121
type of radiation used in vein selectors, heat lamps, and lasers
infrared (>700 nm)
122
used for materials that give off harmful vapors ; provides personnel protection only
fume hood
123
formely MSDS, a major source of information about chemicals written by manufacturers
SDS
124
revised formst of SDS consists of how many sections
16 sections
125
maximum allowable exposure limit within regular shift
threshold limit value
126
enforcable limit set by OSHA
Permissible exposure limit
127
absorbs water when exposed to air
hygroscopic
128
it causes birth defects
teratogen
129
STANDARD HAZARDS ID SYSTEM BY NFPA ; mnemonic for reactivity
SUVSM
0 stable
1 unstable if heated
2 violent chemical change
3 shock and heat may detonate
4 may detonate
130
STANDARD HAZARDS ID SYSTEM BY NFPA ; mnemonic for health
NSHED
0 normal material
1 slightly hazardous
2 hazardous
3 extreme danger
4 deadly
131
STANDARD HAZARDS ID SYSTEM BY NFPA ; color for reactivity
yellow
132
STANDARD HAZARDS ID SYSTEM BY NFPA ; color for fire/flammability
red
133
STANDARD HAZARDS ID SYSTEM BY NFPA ; color for special
white
134
STANDARD HAZARDS ID SYSTEM BY NFPA ; color for health
blue
135
STANDARD HAZARDS ID SYSTEM BY NFPA ; flash point : FIRE
0 will not burn
1 above 200 F
2 below 200 F
3 below 100 F
4 below 73 F
136
in fire hazard, these are the actions to take in the event of fire (RACE)
rescue
alarm
contain
extuinguish
137
mnemonic used when operating fire extinguisher
PASS
pull the pin
aim the nozzle
squeeze trigger
sweeo nozzle
138
extinguishers used fire class A fire
pressurized water, dry chemical
139
class b fire extinguishers
dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon
140
class c fire extinguishers
dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon (BEST)
141
class d fire extinguishers
metal X ( special dry chemical) or sand
142
in separation of serum and plasma, they are centrifuged at _______ for _____
1000-2000 g for 10 mins
143
tourniquet application is ____ above the puncture site
3-4 inches
144
if blood pressure cuff is used, inflate to _____ mmhg
40-60 mmhg
145
routine antiseptic
70% isopropyl alcohol
146
antiseptic used for culture
70% alcohol > iodophore, povidone iodone > 70% alcohol
147
ethanol used for ethanol assay
benzalkonium ( zephiran)
148
angle between needle and vein for ETS and needle syringe
15-30 degrees
149
angle between needle and vein for butterfly syringe
less than 15 degrees
150
not recommended by CLSI due to safety and specimen quality issues
needle syringe
151
for large volume tubes or large volume syringes used on patients with normal size veins : color code and gauge
20 - yellow
152
standard needle gauge for routine venipuncture : gauge and color code
21 green
153
for older children and adult patient with small vein : color gauge
22 black
154
used on infants and children, difficult veins, or hand veins of adult : color gauge
23 blue
155
used to collect blood from scalp or tiny veins of premature infants ; prone to hemolysis : color gauge
25 orange
156
needle length for better control
1- 1.5 inches
157
needle length for butterly needle
0.5 - 0.75 inches
158
effect of high temperature on draw volume
decreased draw volume
159
effect of low temperature on draw volume
increased draw volume
160
effect of high altitude (>500 ft) on draw volume
decreased draw volume
161
order of draw in multiple collection using ETS
stop - sterile
light - light blue
red - red plastic
stay - sst
put - pst
green - green
light - lavender
go - gray
162
uncontrollable factors in preanalytical variables
age, gender, race, and underlying conditions
163
analytes affected in diurnal variation : increased in the morning
cortisol, ACTH, aldosterone, iron
164
time collection for cortisol
8 am - peak
4 pm - lower
165
iron is _____ lower in the affernoon
30% lower
166
analytes affected in diurnal variation : increased in the afternoon and night
growth hormone
parrathyroid hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
167
analytes affected by posture (standing)
increased albumin, cholesterol, calcium
168
analytes affected by supine to upright position
increased albumin, enzymes, protein bound substance
169
analytes increased in ambulatory individuals
total protein and ck
170
analytes affected by exercise
increased creatinine, lactate, potassium, phosphate, ck, ast, lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase
decreased glucose, TAG, cholesterol
171
analytes requiring fasting
glucose (Fasting plasma glucose and OGTT), triglyceride alone (or as part of lipid profile)
172
fasting hours for triglyceride
12 - 14 hrs
173
analytes increased in stress
cathecolamines (epinephrine , norepinephrine), cortisol, ACTH, prolactin
174
increased analytes in smoking
carbon monoxide, ammonia, BUN (if enzymatic or urease method is used )
175
effect of IV contamination such as dextrose to glucose measurement
falsely increase
176
increased analyte due to IV contamination
electrolytes ( Na, K, Cl ), drugs
177
increased analytes due to hemoconcentration
postassium, lactate, protein, and protein bound substances
178
increased analyte due to hemolysis
intracellular ions - potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and iron
rbc enzymes - lactate dehydrogenase, ast, acp, choline esterase, and ck (due to adenylate kinase)
179
intracellular ion greatly affected by hemolysis
potassium
180
rbc enzyme greatly affected by hemolysis
lactate dehydrogenase
181
rbc enzyme greatly affected by hemolysis
lactate dehydrogenase
182
reason why glucose, bilirubin, and lipase are falsely decreased if there is hemolysis
due to hemoglobin interference
183
resson why sodium is falsely decreased in hemolysis
due to the dilution of extracellular fluid by intracellular fluid
184
reason why sodium and potassium are falsely elevated if EDTA, citrate, and oxalate are used incorrectly
edta and citrate are present as sodium salts while oxalate is present as potassium salt
185
enzymes affected by falsely decreased calcium and magnesium
creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase
186
magnesium and calcium are importnant _____ to certain enzymes
cofactors
187
analytes falsely increased if heparin tube is used
Sodium, lithium, ammonia, (depending on additive component used)
188
analytes falsely decreased if sodium fluoride is used
BUN and Uric acid (enzymatic method)
189
analyte affected by SST and PST
falsely decreased trace metals, drugs (tricylic antidepressants and antiarrhythmics)
190
anayltes requiring chilling or ice
ABG, ammonia, lactate, ACTH
191
analytes requiring anaerobic collection
ABG, ammonia, ACP, ionized calcium
192
analytes that must be protected from light
bilirubin, porphyrin, carotene, vit A and vit B12
193
boron-free and can be used with strong acids and alkali
soft glass
194
aka soda lime glass ; most inexpensive ; releases alkali causing error in certain determinations
flint glass
195
amber colored glass ; reduces light transmission ; used to contain photosensitive substances
low actinic glass
196
glass pipette according to design
to contain and to deliver
197
glass pipette : holds but does not deliver the exact volume
to contain
198
glass pipette : delivers the exact volume it holds
to deliver
199
characterized by etched ring / band near the mouth
blow out pipette
200
allowed to drain by gravity
self draining pipette
201
examples of transfer pipettes
Volumetric and Ostwald-Folin
202
Examples of measuring or graduated pipettes
serologic and mohr
203
To deliver ; self-draining
Volumetric pipette ; Mohr pipette
204
To deliver ; blow out
Ostwald-Folin pipette ; Serologic pipette
205
Glass pipette (calibration/graduation mark) : With single capacity mark
Volumetric and Ostwald-Folin
206
Glass pipette for non viscous samples ; standards
Volumetric
207
Glass pipette for viscous samples
Ostwald-Folin
208
Glass pipette for serial dilution ; measuring reagents
Mohr and Serologic pipette
209
Glass pipette (calibration/graduation mark) : graduated down to tip
Serologic
210
Glass pipette (calibration/graduation mark) : graduated ; between 2 marks
Mohr
211
Uses SUCTION to draw sample into a disposable polypropylene tip ; piston does not come in contact with the liquid
Air displacement
212
Operates like a hypodermic syringe ; tips must be rinsed out
Positive displacement
213
Pipettes must be calibrated every
6 months
214
Weight of DISTILLED WATER is delivered ; most accurate
Gravimetric method
215
Absorbance of COLORED SOLUTION delivered
Spectrophotometric method
216
Centrifuge type : tubes attain a HORIZONTAL POSITION during SPINNING and a VERTICAL POSITION when at REST ; ____ rpm
HORIZONTAL OR SWINGING BUCKET ; 3000 rpm
217
Centrifuge type : Tubes are at a fixed angle when rotating ; capable of higher speeds with much less heat build up ; ____ rpm
Fixed-angle or angle-head ; 7,000 rpm
218
Centrifuge type : used to separate LAYERS of different specific gravities (SG) ; usually REFRIGERATED to counter the heat produced due to friction ; ___ rpm
Ultracentrifuge ; 100,000 rpm
219
Centrifuge type : For body fluid cell counts ; ___ rpm
Cytocentrifuge ; 200-2000 rpm
220
Units used for Centrifugation
RPM, RCF(g), Svedberg (s)
221
Centrifuge QC : parameters
Timer & speed (tachometer), temperature
222
Centrifuge QC is done every
3 months
223
Centrifuge QC is done every
3 months
224
Reagents : HIGH DEGREE of purity suitable for use in most analytical procedures
Analytical reagent grade (American Chemical Society)
225
Reagents : for specific procedures such as CHROMATOGRAPHY, AAS, IMMUNOASSAY, molecular diagnostics, and standardization techniques
ULTRAPURE GRADES
226
Reagents : impurity limitations not state ; NOT ACCEPTABLE FOR RESEARCH and LABORATORY techniques
Chemically pure grade
227
Reagents : Primarily used to manufacture drugs and purity standards may not meet assay requirements
United States Pharmocopeia/ National Formulary Grade
228
Reagents : should not be used in the clinical lab ; for industrial use only
Technical or commercial grade
229
Reference material : HIGHLY PURIFIED CHEMICAL that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration and purity
Primary standard
230
ACS Primary standard has purity tolerance value of _______
100 +/- 0.02%
231
Certified for use in clinical chemistry laboratories
Standard Reference Materials
232
Purest type of reagent water ; recommended for STANDARD PREPARATION
TYPE I
233
Reagent water acceptable for most laboratory procedures including reagent preparation
Type II
234
Reagent water that can be used for some qualitative tests but not for routine analyses and reagent preparation ; water source for the preparation of type I and type II water and for WASHING GLASSWARE
Type III
235
Max colony count (CFU/mL) : TYPE I
<10 CFU/ml
236
Max colony count (CFU/mL) : type II
<10^3
237
UV wavelength
<400 nm
238
Visible light wavelength
400-700 nm
239
Infrared wavelength
>700 nm
240
Relationship between wavelength and energy
Inversely proportional
241
Beer-Lambert’s Law
A = abc
242
Beer-Lambert’s Law
A=abc
a =
Molar Absorptivity
243
To compute the absorbance value given the % transmittance
A=2-log%T
244
Distilled water, reagent or sample used to subtract absorbances not due to the analyte of interest ; sets the spectrophotometer to 0 absorbance
Blank
245
Corrects for absorbance caused by the color of reagents ; used to 0 the instrument before measuring test samples and other blanks
Reagent blank
246
Used to subtract the intrinsic absorbance cause by hemolysis, icterus, turbidity, or drug interference during sample analysis
Sample blank
247
Substance of known purity and concentration used to determine the concentration of the unknown analyte
Standard
248
Solution containing various analyses with known target values ; analyzed with patient samples to monitor analytical performance
Control
249
Values provided by the manufactured
Assayed control
250
Values determined by the lab
Unassayed control
251
Any wavelength outside the band of interest ; detected using cut-off filters
Stray light
252
Done using GLASS FILTERS and solutions that have known absorbance values
Absorbance check
253
Type of monochromator : continuous, non linear spectrum better separation of high frequency light
Prism
254
Type of monochromator : continuous, LINEAR, uniform separation of wavelengths ; most common
Diffraction gratings
255
Range of wavelengths transmitted ; calculated as width at more than half the maximum transmittance
Bandpass
256
Simplest type of photodetector
Barrier layer cell
257
Photodetector that requires external voltage source
Phototube
258
Photodetector with excellent linearity
Photodiode
259
Most common and most sensitive photodetector
Photomultiplier
260
Designed to compensate for variations in intensity of the light source by splitting the light beam from the lamp and directing ONE PORTION to a reference cover and the OTHER to the sample cuvet
Double beam spectrophotometry
261
Beam splitter ; 2 photodetectors
Double-beam-in- space
262
Chopper ; 1 photodetector ; excitation energy
Double-beam-in-time
263
Measurement of the amount of light emitted by excited molecules
Fluorometry
264
1000 times more sensitive than spectrophotometry
Fluorometry
265
Number of monochromators used in Fluorometry
2
266
4 causes of quenching or decreased fluorescence
Increased temp
Prolonged exposure to UV light
Concentrated/ undiluted samples
PH changes and contaminated samples
267
Measurement of light emission caused by a chemical, biochemical, or electrochemical reaction, and not by photo illumination
Luminometry
268
Detection of flashes of light using a PM tube and counting of the electrical impulses
Scintillation counting
269
Crystal scintillation
Gamma counter ; I-125 and I-131
270
Liquid scintillation
Beta counter ; H-3 and C-14
271
Measurement of the amount LIGHT BLOCKED
Turbidimetry
272
Measurement of the amount of light SCATTERED by a suspension of particles
Nephelometry
273
Involves fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy followed by separation of the ions by mass-to-charge ratio and counting the number of ions of each type
Mass spectrometry
274
Involves fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy followed by separation of the ions by mass-to-charge ratio and counting the number of ions of each type
Mass spectrometry
275
Non destructive method for determining the structure of organic compound ; used in lipoprotein particle measurement
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
276
Pumps each specimen in a batch through a system of CONTINUOUS tubing at the same rate and is subjected to the same analytic reactions ; significant CARRY-OVER problems and wasteful use of continuously flowing reagents
Continuous flow
277
These are formed to serve as separating and cleaning media
Air bubbles
278
Continuous flow : meant for mixing
Coiled tubing/glass coils
279
Uses centrifugal force to transfer liquids in separate cuvets for measurement ; capable of batch analysis
Centrifugal analysis
280
Places each sample and accompanying reagents in separate containers ; batch analysis ; random access or stat capabilities
Discrete analysis
281
Each specimen in a batch enters the analytical process ONE AFTER ANOTHER, and each result or set of results emerges in the same order as the specimens are entered
Sequential analysis
282
All specimens are subjected to a SERIES of analytical processes at the same time in a PARALLEL fashion
Parallel analysis
283
Many specimens are GROUPED in the same analytical session ; large number of specimens are in ONE run
Batch analysis
284
Each specimen is analyzed for a DIFFERENT SELECTION of tests ; capable of analyzing STAT specimens out of sequence on an as-needed basis
Random-access analysis
285
Requires the reagent TO BE IN A UNIQUE CONTAINER or format provided by the manufacturer
Closed-system analyzer
286
The operator is ABLE TO CHANGE the parameters related to an analysis and prepare in-house reagents or use reagents from a variety of suppliers
Open-system analyzers
287
Most commonly used POCT ; use enzymatic methods coupled with photometric or electrochemical detection l should not be used to diagnose DM
Blood glucose monitors (glucometers)
