Lipids II Flashcards
is a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be obtained from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized within the body, in adequate amounts, from other substances.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
primary member of the omega-6 FA
LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
primary member of the omega-3 FA
LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
From vegetable oil
LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
(found in plants)
LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
Decreases plasma cholesterol and
decreases HDL
LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
Suppresses cardiac arrhythmia
LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
Sources: Nuts, avocados, olives, soybeans
LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
Reduces serum TAG
LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
Decrease tendency of thrombosis
LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
Deficiency:including a-linolenic acid causes
scaly dermatitis (ichthyosis), hairloss poor wound healing, visual and neurological abnormalities
LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
Reduce risk of cardiovascular mortality
LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
the starting material for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid
LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)
LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID
Little effect on LDL and HDL cholesterol
levels
LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)
is the major starting material for eicosanoids, a substances that help regulate blood pressure, clotting, and several other important body functions.
Arachidonic acid
starting material for the biosynthesis of
two additional omega-3 fatty acids
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
are important constituents of the communication membranes of the brain and are necessary for normal brain development.
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
are also active in the retina of the eye.
EPA and DHA
Most abundant type of lipids present in the body and are the main storage form of fatty acids, and they account for greater than 90% of dietary fat intake
TRIACYLGLYCEROL (TAG) OR TRIACYLGLYCERIDE
More efficient at storing energy than glycogen, large quantities can be packed in very small volume.
TRIACYLGLYCEROL (TAG) OR TRIACYLGLYCERIDE
concentrated in adipocytes found under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, in mammary gland, etc.
TRIACYLGLYCEROL (TAG) OR TRIACYLGLYCERIDE
2 TYPES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL
Simple Triacylglycerol
Mixed Triacylglycerol
Is a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acids molecule.
Simple Triacylglycerol
A triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid molecules.
Mixed Triacylglycerol
NATURALLY OCCURING MIXTURES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL
FAT
OIL
is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a solid or a semi-solid at room temperature (25OC)
Fat
is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a liquid at room temperature (25OC).
Oil
Solid or semisolid at room temp
FATS
Liquid at room temp
OILS/ FIXED OILS
Obtained from animal sources
FATS
Obtained from plants
OILS/ FIXED OILS
Saturated compounds predominates
FATS
Mono and polyunsaturated compounds predominates
OILS/ FIXED OILS
“Linearity” of fatty acids causing the molecule to be closely packed
FATS
“Bends” chain causing the molecule incapable of close packing
OILS/ FIXED OILS
Higher melting point
Fats
Lower melting point
OILS/ FIXED OILS
means less than 0.5g of fat per serving
Fat free
means 3g or less fat per 50g serving
Low fat
means at least 25% less fat per serving than the regular food
Reduce fat or less fat
means less than 0.5 kilo calories per serving
Calorie free
is a lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
is a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group
Glycerophospholipids or Glycerophosphatides
is used for Alzheimer’s disease, age-related decline in mental function, improving thinking skills in young people, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, preventing exercise-induced stress, and improving athletic performance.
Phosphatidylserine (PS)
as a ‘chaperone’ to help the membrane proteins correctly fold their tertiary structures so that they can function properly
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (cephalin)
is the major lipid component of lung surfactant—the extracellular fluid layer lining the alveoli.
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC, or dipalmitoyl lecithin)
In animal tissues, is the primary source of the
arachidonic acid required for biosynthesis of
eicosanoids, including prostaglandins
Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
signal transmission across membranes
Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
comprises ~7%–15% of the total phospholipid of pulmonary surfactant although major role has not yet been defined
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)
Two molecules of PA esterified through their phosphate groups to an additional molecule of glycerol.
Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)
found in bacteria and eukaryotes virtually exclusive to the inner mitochondrial membrane, required for the maintenance of certain respiratory complexes of the electron transport chain
Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)
antigenic, and is recognized by antibodies raised against Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis.
Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)
replaced by an unsaturated alkyl group attached by an ether (rather than by an ester) linkage to the core glycerol molecule. Similar in structure to phosphatidyl ethanol amine, now phosphatidalcholine.
Plasmalogens
unusual ether glycero - phospholipid, with a saturated alkyl group in an ether link to carbon 1 and an acetyl residue (rather than a fatty acid) at carbon 2 of the glycerol backbone
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
triggers potent thrombotic and acute inflammatory events. For example, this activates inflammatory cells and mediates hypersensitivity, acute inflammatory, and anaphylactic reactions. It causes platelets to aggregate and degranulate, and neutrophils and alveolar macrophages to generate superoxide radicals
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
is a lipid that contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group
Sphingophospholipids
Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline
Sphingomyelins
are found in all cell membranes and are important structural components of the myelin sheath, the protective and insulating coating that surrounds nerves.
Sphingomyelins
is a lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate (mono or oligosaccharide) component attached to a sphingosine molecule. Differ with sphingomyelin because it does not contain phosphate group.
SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
TYPES OF SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
A. Neutralglycosphingolipids
B. Acidic glycosphingolipids
Under Neutral glycosphingolipids
Cerebrosides
Globosides (ceramide oligosaccharide)
Under Acidic glycosphingolipids
Gangliosides
Sulfatides
occur primarily in the brain (7% of dry mass).
Cerebrosides
is a type of glycosphingolipid with more than one sugar as the side chain (or R group) of ceramide. Ex. Ceramide-glucose- galactose (aka lactosylceramide)
Globosides
simplest sphingoglycolipids
Cerebrosides
a ceramide that contain a single monosaccharide unit—either glucose or galactose
Cerebrosides
most common cerebroside found in myelin
Ceramide-galactose or galactocerebroside
intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the more complex glycosphingolipids
Ceramide-glucose or glucocerebroside
are negatively charged at physiologic pH, provided by N- acetylneuraminic acid (NANA)(a sialic acid) in ganglioside or by sulphate groups in sulfatides
Acidic glycosphingolipids
More complex sphingoglycolipids
Gangliosides
aka sulfoglycosphingolipids or sulphated cerebrosides
Sulfatides
residues.occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath or in the ganglion cells of the CNS particularly in
nerve endings
Gangliosides
found predominantly in the brain and kidneys.
Sulfatides
contain a branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues since it’s a derivative of ceramide oligosaccharide
Gangliosides
Has sulfate group in galactose
Sulfatides
contain one or more residues of NANA.
Gangliosides
is a lysosomal lipid storage disease due to the partial or total missing of the specific lysosomal enzyme acid hydrolase needed for the synthesis of glycosphingolipids.
Sphingolipodoses
