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Clinical Chemistry > Lipids II > Flashcards

Lipids II Flashcards

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1
Q

is a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be obtained from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized within the body, in adequate amounts, from other substances.

A

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

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2
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

primary member of the omega-6 FA

A

LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)

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3
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

primary member of the omega-3 FA

A

LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)

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4
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

From vegetable oil

A

LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)

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5
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

(found in plants)

A

LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)

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6
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

Decreases plasma cholesterol and
decreases HDL

A

LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)

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7
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

Suppresses cardiac arrhythmia

A

LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)

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8
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

Sources: Nuts, avocados, olives, soybeans

A

LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)

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9
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

Reduces serum TAG

A

LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)

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10
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

Decrease tendency of thrombosis

A

LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)

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11
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

Deficiency:including a-linolenic acid causes
scaly dermatitis (ichthyosis), hairloss poor wound healing, visual and neurological abnormalities

A

LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)

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12
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

Reduce risk of cardiovascular mortality

A

LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)

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13
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

the starting material for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid

A

LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)

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14
Q

LINOLEIC ACID vs. LINOLENIC ACID

Little effect on LDL and HDL cholesterol
levels

A

LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)

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15
Q

is the major starting material for eicosanoids, a substances that help regulate blood pressure, clotting, and several other important body functions.

A

Arachidonic acid

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16
Q

starting material for the biosynthesis of
two additional omega-3 fatty acids

A

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)

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17
Q

are important constituents of the communication membranes of the brain and are necessary for normal brain development.

A

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)

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18
Q

are also active in the retina of the eye.

A

EPA and DHA

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19
Q

Most abundant type of lipids present in the body and are the main storage form of fatty acids, and they account for greater than 90% of dietary fat intake

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROL (TAG) OR TRIACYLGLYCERIDE

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20
Q

More efficient at storing energy than glycogen, large quantities can be packed in very small volume.

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROL (TAG) OR TRIACYLGLYCERIDE

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21
Q

concentrated in adipocytes found under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, in mammary gland, etc.

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROL (TAG) OR TRIACYLGLYCERIDE

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22
Q

2 TYPES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL

A

Simple Triacylglycerol
Mixed Triacylglycerol

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23
Q

Is a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acids molecule.

A

Simple Triacylglycerol

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24
Q

A triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid molecules.

A

Mixed Triacylglycerol

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25
Q

NATURALLY OCCURING MIXTURES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL

A

FAT
OIL

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26
Q

is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a solid or a semi-solid at room temperature (25OC)

A

Fat

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27
Q

is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a liquid at room temperature (25OC).

A

Oil

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28
Q

Solid or semisolid at room temp

A

FATS

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29
Q

Liquid at room temp

A

OILS/ FIXED OILS

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30
Q

Obtained from animal sources

A

FATS

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31
Q

Obtained from plants

A

OILS/ FIXED OILS

32
Q

Saturated compounds predominates

A

FATS

33
Q

Mono and polyunsaturated compounds predominates

A

OILS/ FIXED OILS

34
Q

“Linearity” of fatty acids causing the molecule to be closely packed

A

FATS

35
Q

“Bends” chain causing the molecule incapable of close packing

A

OILS/ FIXED OILS

36
Q

Higher melting point

A

Fats

37
Q

Lower melting point

A

OILS/ FIXED OILS

38
Q

means less than 0.5g of fat per serving

A

Fat free

39
Q

means 3g or less fat per 50g serving

A

Low fat

40
Q

means at least 25% less fat per serving than the regular food

A

Reduce fat or less fat

41
Q

means less than 0.5 kilo calories per serving

A

Calorie free

42
Q

is a lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group.

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

43
Q

is a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group

A

Glycerophospholipids or Glycerophosphatides

44
Q

is used for Alzheimer’s disease, age-related decline in mental function, improving thinking skills in young people, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, preventing exercise-induced stress, and improving athletic performance.

A

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

45
Q

as a ‘chaperone’ to help the membrane proteins correctly fold their tertiary structures so that they can function properly

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (cephalin)

46
Q

is the major lipid component of lung surfactant—the extracellular fluid layer lining the alveoli.

A

dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC, or dipalmitoyl lecithin)

47
Q

In animal tissues, is the primary source of the
arachidonic acid required for biosynthesis of
eicosanoids, including prostaglandins

A

Phosphatidylinositol (PI)

48
Q

signal transmission across membranes

A

Phosphatidylinositol (PI)

49
Q

comprises ~7%–15% of the total phospholipid of pulmonary surfactant although major role has not yet been defined

A

Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

50
Q

Two molecules of PA esterified through their phosphate groups to an additional molecule of glycerol.

A

Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)

51
Q

found in bacteria and eukaryotes virtually exclusive to the inner mitochondrial membrane, required for the maintenance of certain respiratory complexes of the electron transport chain

A

Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)

52
Q

antigenic, and is recognized by antibodies raised against Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis.

A

Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)

53
Q

replaced by an unsaturated alkyl group attached by an ether (rather than by an ester) linkage to the core glycerol molecule. Similar in structure to phosphatidyl ethanol amine, now phosphatidalcholine.

A

Plasmalogens

54
Q

unusual ether glycero - phospholipid, with a saturated alkyl group in an ether link to carbon 1 and an acetyl residue (rather than a fatty acid) at carbon 2 of the glycerol backbone

A

Platelet-activating factor (PAF)

55
Q

triggers potent thrombotic and acute inflammatory events. For example, this activates inflammatory cells and mediates hypersensitivity, acute inflammatory, and anaphylactic reactions. It causes platelets to aggregate and degranulate, and neutrophils and alveolar macrophages to generate superoxide radicals

A

Platelet-activating factor (PAF)

56
Q

is a lipid that contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group

A

Sphingophospholipids

57
Q

Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline

A

Sphingomyelins

58
Q

are found in all cell membranes and are important structural components of the myelin sheath, the protective and insulating coating that surrounds nerves.

A

Sphingomyelins

59
Q

is a lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate (mono or oligosaccharide) component attached to a sphingosine molecule. Differ with sphingomyelin because it does not contain phosphate group.

A

SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

60
Q

TYPES OF SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

A

A. Neutralglycosphingolipids
B. Acidic glycosphingolipids

61
Q

Under Neutral glycosphingolipids

A

Cerebrosides
Globosides (ceramide oligosaccharide)

62
Q

Under Acidic glycosphingolipids

A

Gangliosides
Sulfatides

63
Q

occur primarily in the brain (7% of dry mass).

A

Cerebrosides

64
Q

is a type of glycosphingolipid with more than one sugar as the side chain (or R group) of ceramide. Ex. Ceramide-glucose- galactose (aka lactosylceramide)

A

Globosides

65
Q

simplest sphingoglycolipids

A

Cerebrosides

66
Q

a ceramide that contain a single monosaccharide unit—either glucose or galactose

A

Cerebrosides

67
Q

most common cerebroside found in myelin

A

Ceramide-galactose or galactocerebroside

68
Q

intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the more complex glycosphingolipids

A

Ceramide-glucose or glucocerebroside

69
Q

are negatively charged at physiologic pH, provided by N- acetylneuraminic acid (NANA)(a sialic acid) in ganglioside or by sulphate groups in sulfatides

A

Acidic glycosphingolipids

70
Q

More complex sphingoglycolipids

A

Gangliosides

71
Q

aka sulfoglycosphingolipids or sulphated cerebrosides

A

Sulfatides

72
Q

residues.occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath or in the ganglion cells of the CNS particularly in
nerve endings

A

Gangliosides

73
Q

found predominantly in the brain and kidneys.

A

Sulfatides

74
Q

contain a branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues since it’s a derivative of ceramide oligosaccharide

A

Gangliosides

75
Q

Has sulfate group in galactose

A

Sulfatides

76
Q

contain one or more residues of NANA.

A

Gangliosides

77
Q

is a lysosomal lipid storage disease due to the partial or total missing of the specific lysosomal enzyme acid hydrolase needed for the synthesis of glycosphingolipids.

A

Sphingolipodoses

Clinical Chemistry (19 decks)

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