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Clinical Chemistry > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

Immediate sources of energy for the body

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

Provides structural integrity to cell membrane

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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3
Q

Determines antigenicity

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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4
Q

Extraneous origin

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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5
Q

Carbohydrates is classified into

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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6
Q

Under Monosaccharides

A

D-Glucose
D-galactose
D-fructose

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7
Q

is the most important of all the simple carbohydrates.

A

D-Glucose

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8
Q

hydrolyzed into 2 glucose units

A

Maltose

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9
Q

hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose

A

Sucrose

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10
Q

hydrolyzed into glucose and galactose

A

Lactose

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11
Q

Under Polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Inulin (fructose units)

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12
Q

Carbohydrate measurements are important in diseases that result from abnormal carbohydrate metabolism such as

A

hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus

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13
Q

Lactase deficiency will lead to

A

Lactose intolerance

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14
Q

Deficiency in either galactokinase or galactose phosphate-1-phosphate uridyl transferase will cause

A

galactosemia

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15
Q

galactosemia is screened using

A

Guthrie test and Beutler method.

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16
Q

Specimens used for carbohydrate measurements include

A

whole blood, plasma or serum.

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17
Q

needed for HbA1c determination.

A

Hemolysate

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18
Q

It is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose by inhibiting glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis in the liver and increasing glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues.

A

Insulin

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19
Q

Insulin lowers blood glucose by

A

inhibiting glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis in the liver and
increasing glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues.

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20
Q

It is produced by the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.

A

Insulin

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21
Q

It is inhibited by the scarcity of dietary fuels and during periods of trauma due to increased epinephrine levels.

A

Insulin

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22
Q

Active insulin comes from the cleavage of

A

C-peptide off the pro-insulin

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23
Q

has become a marker for endogenous production of insulin to differentiate it from exogenous insulin.

A

C-peptide

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24
Q

Elevated levels of C-peptide suggests

A

hyperinsulinism

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25
Q

Normal value of C-peptide

A

<1.2 ng/ml

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26
Q

The C-peptide to insulin ratio is expected to be

A

5:1

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27
Q

oppose many actions of insulin

A

Glucagon
hormones epinephrine
cortisol
GH

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28
Q

It increases glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

A

Glucagon

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29
Q

It is produced by the alpha-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.

A

Glucagon

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30
Q

It increases blood glucose by activating adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP which further activates the enzyme phosphorylase causing increased glycogenolysis .

A

Epinephrine

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31
Q

Like glucagon, it is responsible in the short-term glucose regulation.

A

Epinephrine

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32
Q

It is produced by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

A

Epinephrine

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33
Q

It increases blood glucose primarily by stimulating gluconeogenesis by promoting
protein catabolism and deamination and it inhibits glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues.

A

Cortisol

34
Q

Like the GH, it promotes long-term regulation of blood glucose.

A

Cortisol

35
Q

It is produced by the fascicular cells of the adrenal cortex upon the stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

A

Cortisol

36
Q

It increases blood glucose by inhibiting uptake of glucose by cells and due to its
antagonistic action on insulin.

A

Growth Hormone

37
Q

It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth Hormone

38
Q

It increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis, accelerating degradation of
insulin and promoting absorption of glucose in the intestinal tract..

A

Thyroid Hormone

39
Q

It is synthesized by the thyroid follicles of the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroid Hormone

40
Q

It inhibits both insulin and glucagon.

A

Somatostatin

41
Q

It is produced by the delta-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.

A

Somatostatin

42
Q

Normal value of Serum or plasma

A

50-110mg/dL (2.8–6.2mmol/L)

43
Q

Normal value of Serum or plasma

A

50-110mg/dL (2.8–6.2mmol/L)

44
Q

In serum or plasma, The conversion factor from mg % to mM is

A

0.055

45
Q

lower than serum or plasma by 10% due to volume occupied by 1 RBCs during measurement

A

Whole blood

46
Q

normal values for CSF

A

40–70 mg/dL (60– 75% of the level in serum or plasma)

47
Q

Delay in glucose testing would require

A

fluoride or iodoacetate

48
Q

to prevent glycolysis for 48 hours at 4 deg Celsius.

A

Two (2) mg of NaF per ml of whole blood

49
Q

Reduction Methods

A

Copper Reduction Methods
Ferric Reduction Tests

50
Q

Copper Reduction Methods

A

Folin-Wu
Somogyi-Nelson
Neocuproine
Benedict
Schaeffer-Hartmann-Somogyi

51
Q

whole blood is deproteinized using 10% sodium tungstate and 2/3N sulfuric acid; cuprous oxide formed is allowed to react in a hot alkaline solution with phosphomolybdate reagent to produce phosphomolybdenum blue complex.

A

Folin-Wu

52
Q

serum is deproteinized using 5% zinc sulfate and 0.3N barium hydroxide; the cuprous oxide formed is allowed to react with arsenomolybdate to produce arsenomolybdenum blue

A

Somogyi-Nelson

53
Q

the deproteinization process of Somogyi-Nelson is able to remove

A

NGRS measuring true glucose value

54
Q

End product of Folin-Wu

A

phosphomolybdenum blue complex

55
Q

The end product of Somogyi-Nelson

A

arsenomolybdenum blue

56
Q

adapted to automation; sample is deproteinized by tungstate or dialysis; cuprous oxide formed is allowed to react with neocuproine (2,9-d imethyl- 1, 10 phenanthroline hydrochloride) to form a yellow to orange product

A

Neocuproine

57
Q

modification of Folin-Wu employed in testing urine sugars.

A

Benedict

58
Q

titrimetric method using iodine to oxidize cuprous oxide formed and the excess iodine in the blank and the sample is titrated with thiosulfate.

A

Schaeffer-Hartmann-Somogyi

59
Q

Under Ferric Reduction Tests

A

Hagedorn-Jensen

60
Q

uses ferricyanide ions instead of cupric ions; the yellow ferricyanideis reduced to colorless ferrocyanide solution and the decrease in absorbance is monitored

A

Hagedorn-Jensen

61
Q

offers advantage over cuprous ions by being less reoxidizable by air

A

ferrocyanide

62
Q

Condensation Methods

A

Dubowski (Ortho-toluidine method)
Anthrone condensatio

63
Q

glucose condenses with an aromatic amine, o-toluidine in hot glacial HAc to produce a green colored N- glycosylamine and a Schiff’s base

A

Dubowski (Ortho-toluidine method)

64
Q

considered as the most specific nonenzymatic for glucose

A

Dubowski (Ortho-toluidine method)

65
Q

glucose is converted into hydroxymethylfurfural in hot strong acid and reacts with the enol tautomer of anthrone to form a green product

A

Anthrone condensatio

66
Q

Enzymatic Methods

A

Glucose Oxidase (GOD) Coupled Reaction
Polarographic GOD Method

67
Q

converts glucose, in the presence of oxygen, into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of the enzyme peroxidase, a reduced chromogen is oxidized to give a colored compound; vitamin C interferes in the test.

A

GOD

68
Q

oxidized to a quinone imine dye (pink
to red)

A

p-aminophenazone (PAP)

69
Q

which is oxidized to an orange product

A

o-dianisidine

70
Q

which is oxidized to a green product

A

o-toluidine

71
Q

which is oxidized to a blue product

A

indophenol blue

72
Q

which is oxidized into a purple product.

A

iodide

73
Q

This is based on the consumption of oxygen during the enzyme catalysis of glucose conversion.

A

Polarographic GOD Method

74
Q

The oxygen consumed in polarographic GOD method is monitored using a

A

Clark electrode (amperometric technique)

75
Q

The most specific method and therefore the reference method for glucose determination.

A

Hexokinase Method

76
Q

Glucose is phosphorylated in the presence of__________ to form glucose-6-phosphate

A

hexokinase and magnesium ions

77
Q

a group of diseases in which blood glucose levels are elevated due to deficiency in insulin action.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

78
Q

Classical manifestations (3 Ps) of Diabetes Mellitus

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

79
Q

excessive urine volume

A

Polyuria

80
Q

excessive thirst

A

Polydipsia

81
Q

excessive eating

A

Polyphagia

Clinical Chemistry (19 decks)

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