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Proteins > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

How are FFA activated

A

Thioester binding

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2
Q

Why are fats a higher source of energy?

A

More H+

Glucose is already partially oxidised

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3
Q

What cells are involved which converts cholesterol into bile salts?

What releases bile salts?

A

Hepatic cells

Gall bladder

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4
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

Solubilise ingested fats

Allows pancreatic lipases to work

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5
Q

What hormone stimulates the secretion if FA?

A

Glucagon

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6
Q

What Lipase is involved with mobilisation of Triaglycerols out of lipid droplet

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

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7
Q

What stimulates the Hormone Sensitive Lipase?

What stimulates that?

A

PKA

Glucagon —> cAMP increase

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8
Q

What do VLDL transport?

What apoprotein is on it?

A

Endogenous lipids to body tissue

1x apoB-100

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9
Q

What does Chylomicron carry?

What apoproteins are on it?

A

Exogenous via lymph

B-48 /C3 /C2

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10
Q

What is the role of apoC-3

A

Inhibits lipase activity

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11
Q

Apo-C2

A

Activation of lipase

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12
Q

Apo-E

A

Liver recognition for degradation

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13
Q

What hormone stimulates LPL to go to the surface of capillaries?

A

Insulin

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14
Q

What does Insulin inhibit?

A

Lipases (ATGL/HSL/MGL)

Involved with triglyceride to FA

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15
Q

Why does insulin inhibit lipases?

A

Prevents FFA that came in to be ejected straight out

Prevents lipolysis

Promotes fat storage not mobilisation

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16
Q

What can stimulate lipolysis (2)

A

Glucagon

Catecholamines (ANP) fasting state

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17
Q

What part of Chylomicron is hydrophobic? Why?

A

Centre

Cholesterol and FA = Phobic

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18
Q

What does CM contain on its surface?

A

apoB-48

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19
Q

Familial hypercholesterolaemia

A

Mutation in LDL receptor

No uptake of FA

Plaque formation as LDL oxidised

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20
Q

HDL originates where?

A

Liver /intestine

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21
Q

What’s a role of HDL

A

Collect cholesterol from LDL /foam cells

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22
Q

What does a scavenger receptor do?

A

Collects cholesterol from HDL

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23
Q

What are the main roles of cholesterol

A

Membrane structure

Steroid hormones

Vit.D

Bile acids

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24
Q

What converts in CYTOPLASM

Acetate —> mevalonate

What happens if this occurs in mitochondria?

A

HMG -CoA reductase

Ketone bodies form instead

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25
Q

What provides all the carbons for cholesterol?

A

Acetyl CoA

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26
Q

What activates the synthesis of reductase?

What does it bind to?

A

SREBP

Promoter region

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27
Q

What is the cholesterol Sensor

What happens when Cholesterol is low?

A

INSIG

Cleaves SREBP

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28
Q

What hormone inactivated HMG-Reductase

A

Glucagon

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29
Q

What hormone stimulates cholesterol synthesis and HMG-Reductase

A

Insulin

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

A

Synthesize longer fatty acid chain

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31
Q

Where does the carboxylation of Acetyl CoA occur?

A

Cytoplasm

32
Q

How is the Acetyl CoA transported to the cytoplasm?

A

Acetyl + Oxaloacetate

=Citrate

Citrate transporter out of mitochondria

Citrate Lyase reconverts it back to Acetyl-CoA

33
Q

Whats the first step of Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

A

Malonyl Group + Acetyl-CoA

Condensation Reaction

C

34
Q

Whats the 2nd stage of Carboxylation?

A

Reduction reaction

NADPH adds electron

R

35
Q

Whats the 3rd stage of Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

A

Dehydration (Dehydrogenase)

D

36
Q

Whats the 4th stage of Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

A

Reduction reaction

NADPH adds electron

R

37
Q

Whats the acronym for remember the carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

A

C

R

D

R

38
Q

What enzyme is used in Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

A

Fatty acid synthase

39
Q

Addition of other CoA to form 16C occurs how many times

A

7x

40
Q

16C

A

Palmitate

41
Q

Where are electron donors come from?

A

Phosphate pentode pathway

42
Q

Where are the ATP from?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

43
Q

Where are the ACoA from?

A

Krebs

44
Q

How many are used in Palmitate synthesis?

ATP?

ACoA

NADPH

A

7ATP

8ACoA

14NADPH

45
Q

What hormones can Palmitate form?

A

Eicosanoid hormones

46
Q

Where does Palmitate form longer FA

Why?

A

SER / Mitochondria

Mixed function Oxidase is located

47
Q

What are the 4 main sources of Triacyclglycerol?

A

Pyruvate

Glucose

FA

Glycerol

48
Q

L-Gylcerol 3-P = Diacyglycerol 3-P

A

Acetyl transferase

2xACoA

2ATP

49
Q

Diacylglycerol 3-P can form two things?

A

Glycerophospholipid (membrane)

Diacyglycerol

50
Q

Diacyglycerol 3-P to form

Diacyglycerol is what type of reaction

A

Hydrolysis

51
Q

Diacyglycerol to form

Triacylglycerol is what type of reaction

A

Transestification

52
Q

How is activated Acyl-CoA moved into Mitochondria

A

Carinitine Shuttle

53
Q

How is the Carinitine Shuttle regulated by?

A

Manoyl CoA

54
Q

Which enzyme adds Carnitine and Activated Acetyl CoA together?

A

Carnitine Acyltransferase 1

55
Q

Whats the acronym for B-Oxidation

A

O

H

O

T

56
Q

What type of enzymes do Oxidation reactions

A

Dehydrogenase

57
Q

What does the first step of B-oxidation produce?

A

FADH2

1.5ATP

58
Q

What does the third step of B-Oxidation produce?

A

NADH

2.5ATP

59
Q

What does the last stage of B-Oxidation produce

A

Acetyl-CoA (For Krebs)

2 Less carbon Fatty acid

60
Q

How many ATP are produced without the use of Acetyl CoA in Palmitic Acid?

Why?

A

28ATP

Cycle occurs 7x

4ATP / cycle

61
Q

How many ATP are made from Acetyl CoA from Palmitic Acid?

Why?

A

80ATP

1ACoA = 10ATP

Cycle 8x = 80ATP

62
Q

What is the net ATP from Palmitic Acid?

A

106ATP

108ATP made

2ATP for Acyl-CoA synthase

63
Q

How much ATP is made from Glycerol?

A

18.5

             8.5.                 10 Glycerol ——-> ACoA ——> citric Acid
64
Q

Name an Unsaturated Fat

A

Oleate

65
Q

What is need for Boxidation of a unsaturated fat?

A

Isomerase

Reductase

66
Q

What does the isomerase do?

A

Change bond from Cis to trans

Allows hydratase to work

67
Q

Name a polyunsaturated fat

A

Linoleate

68
Q

What does reductase do?

A

Adds electron to double bond

Converts Trans-Cis —> Trans

69
Q

Why do polyunsaturated fats produce 1.4% less energy

A

Skips first stage of B-Oxidation

No FADH2 made

70
Q

High glucose levels means what for B-Oxidation

Why?

A

No B-Oxidation

As Malonyl CoA is high

MCoA regulates C.Acyltransferase 1

71
Q

Name 3 ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetate

D-B- hydroxybutyrate

Acetone

72
Q

What do ketone bodies allow?

A

Continuous oxidation of FA

73
Q

When are ketone bodies used?

A

Oxaloacetate is in short supply due to starvation

74
Q

What can ketone bodies lead to

A

Acidosis/ketosis

75
Q

What can acetone be used for (ketone body)

A

Lungs

Proteins (13 decks)

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