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Lipids Flashcards

1
Q
A
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1
Q

water-insoluble biomolecules but are soluble in nonpolar solvents like chloroform, ether, and hexane

A

lipids

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2
Q

Have no single common building blocks, hence making them more diverse in nature

A

lipids

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3
Q

eight major common group of lipids

A

fatty acids
acylglycerides
phospholipids
sterols
sphingolipids
isoprenoids
glycolipids
polyketides

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4
Q

carboxylic acids (RCOOH) with long hydrocarbon chain

A

fatty acids

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5
Q

Can be classified to saturated fatty acids if they have pure single bonds on their hydrocarbon chain

A

fatty acids

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6
Q

_____ fatty acids if there is one or more C=C bond in their backbone

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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7
Q

naturally-occurring fatty acids have this number of carbon atoms

A

even number

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8
Q

increases with increasing molecular weight

A

melting point

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9
Q

net charge of fatty acids due to the dissociation of H+ in the carboxylic acid (-COOH to -COO-)

A

negative charge

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10
Q

have higher melting point than equivalent unsaturated fatty acid due to greater number of intermolecular forces of attraction between the linear saturated fatty acid molecules

A

saturated fatty acids

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11
Q

esters of glycerol and fatty acids, hence they are considered as conjugated lipids

A

acylglycerides

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12
Q

Neutral in nature

A

acylglycerides

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13
Q

one fatty acid attached to OH

A

monoacylglycerides

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14
Q

two fatty acid attached to OH

A

diacylglycerides

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15
Q

three fatty acid attached to OH group of glycerol via ester bond

A

triacylglycerides

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16
Q

act as secondary messenger molecules that transmit biochemical signals in the process called signal transduction

A

diacylglycerides

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17
Q

act as secondary messenger molecules that transmit biochemical signals in the process called signal transduction

A

diacylglycerides

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18
Q

storage of fatty acids in plants and has an abundant amount of unsaturated fatty acids

A

oil

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19
Q

Liquid at room temperature due to its structure, and low melting point

A

oil

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20
Q

storage of fatty acids in animals and humans and is predominantly made up of saturated fatty acids

A

fat

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21
Q

Solid at room temperature

A

fat

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22
Q

phosphate esters of diacylglycerides

A

phospholipids

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23
Q

part of phospholipid that is polar and negatively charged in nature, which renders a polar characteristic to the otherwise nonpolar hydrocarbon backbone

A

phosphate group

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24
Q

contains both polar and non-polar components

A

amphipathic

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25
Q

simplest phospholipids, have the plain phosphate group at the head of the structure

A

phosphaditic acid

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26
Q

Complex phosphate groups form when conjugated with:

A

ethanolamine
choline
serine

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27
Q

draw ethanolamine

A

grade yourself accordingly

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28
Q

draw choline

A

grade yourself accordingly

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29
Q

draw serine

A

grade yourself accordingly

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30
Q

also known as cephalin (PE)

A

phosphaditylethanolamine

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31
Q

also known as lecithin (PC)

A

phosphaditylcholine

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32
Q

the amphipathic nature of the phospholipid makes it an important biomolecular component of the cell’s plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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33
Q

outer leaflet of the bilayer, can interact with the polar aqueous environment of the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix

A

polar phosphate head

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34
Q

form the hydrophobic core of the bilayer which prevents the dissolution of the membrane by water, thus delineating the cell from its environment

A

nonpolar fatty acid tail

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35
Q

polycyclic conjugated lipids with perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene as base structure

A

sterols

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36
Q

three main kinds of sterols

A

phytosterol
ergosterol
zoosterol

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37
Q

most important zoosterol in animals and humans, it can be seen that this has four conjugated rings (rings A, B, C, and D) with 17 carbon atoms in the ring system

A

cholesterol

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38
Q

hormones that are derived from cholesterol which includes adrenocorticoids (glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid) and sex hormones (estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone)

A

steroid hormones

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39
Q

cholesterol derived hormones that are synthesized in the cortex of the adrenal glands which are found atop each kidney

A

adrenocorticoids

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40
Q

adrenocorticoids that have important metabolic and immunological functions

A

glucocorticoids

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41
Q

Increase blood glucose levels by stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver which is the synthesis of glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate substrates
such as amino acids and glycerol

A

glucocorticoids

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42
Q

Stimulate anti-inflammatory response in the body by upregulating the synthesis of anti-inflammatory response in the body by upregulating the synthesis of anti-inflammatory proteins while downregulating that of proinflammatory one

A

glucocoritcoids

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43
Q

used as powerful anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of allergies, asthma, autoimmune disorders, and cancer

A

glucocorticoid drugs

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44
Q

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) which decreases urine volume and regulates water and electrolytes (minerals) balance in the body

A

mineralocorticoid

45
Q

Acts on kidneys to stimulate the reabsorption of sodium ions in the collecting tubules while promoting secretion of potassium ions which increases blood pressure (hypertension)

A

mineralocorticoid

46
Q

female sex hormones that stimulate ovulation which is the maturation of oocytes

47
Q

Stimulates endometrial growth, calcium retention in the bones, and development of secondary sexual characteristics in females

48
Q

include the development of breasts, widening of hips, and growth
of pubic hair

A

secondary sexual characteristics

49
Q

Three major forms of estrogen

A

estrone
estradiol
estriol

50
Q

hormone that prepares the female body for pregnancy and its maintenance

A

progesterone

51
Q

stimulates the development of the sperm cells in the process called spermatogenesis

A

testosterone

52
Q

Stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males such as male bodily hair pattern (mustache, beard, pubic hair, and armpit hair), deepening of voice and enlargement of voice box, strengthening of sexual drive or libido

A

testosterone

53
Q

Promote Good eyesight

Has antioxidant property, prevents pre-mature aging and protection from various inflammatory diseases like cancer

54
Q

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid is what vitamin

55
Q

inability to see well at night

A

night blindness

56
Q

extreme form of vitamin A deficiency which may lead to permanent blindness

A

xeropthalmia

57
Q

Facilitate calcium absorption and metabolism

Also strengthen the immune system and help in the prevention of rickets and osteomalacia

58
Q

cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol is what vitamin

59
Q

softening of bones in children

60
Q

softening of bones in adults

A

osteomalacia

61
Q

Potent, water-insoluble antioxidant that scavenges free radicals

62
Q

tocopherols is what vitamin

63
Q

the susceptibility of RBCs to free-radial induced desctruction

A

hemolytic anemia

64
Q

Essential for proper clotting of the blood

65
Q

phylloquinone is what vitamin

66
Q

susceptibility to bleeding

A

hemorrhage

67
Q

breakdown and synthesis of fats

A

lipid metabolism

68
Q

triglycerides, esters of glycerol and three fatty acids

69
Q

fats can come from

A

diet
stores in adipose tissue
synthesize from excess dietary carbohydrates in the liver

70
Q

where dietary fats are commonly digested in with the action of bile salts and pancreatic lipase

A

small intestine

71
Q

emulsify fats, acts as detergent, breaking large globules of fat into smaller micelles, making them more accessible to lipase

A

bile salts

72
Q

converts triglycerides to monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol

A

pancreatic lipase

73
Q

cells in intestinal epithelium, where converted monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol to recombine again to form triglycerides

A

enterocytes

74
Q

large lipoprotein particles where triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged in

A

chylomicrons

75
Q

enable transport of water-insoluble fats within aqueous environments

A

lipoproteins

76
Q

surface enzyme in the walls of blood capillaries, hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, enabling them to pass through the capillary wall into tissues where they are oxidized for
energy or re-esterized for storage

A

lipoprotein lipase

77
Q

fats synthesized endogenously in the liver to be transported into tissues

A

very low density lipoprotein

78
Q

atty acids undergo this kind of oxidation to generate acetyl-CoA

A

beta oxidation

79
Q

when produced in excess, it is diverted to create ketone bodies

A

acetyl-coA

80
Q

important source of fuel during glucose starvation, especially for the brain

A

ketone bodies

81
Q

Acidic, so when produced in excess can overwhelm the buffering capacity of blood plasma, resulting metabolic acidosisk

A

ketone bodies

82
Q

serious complication of diabetes, in which cells must oxidize fats for fuel as they cannot utilize glucose

A

ketoacidosis

83
Q

water-insoluble biomolecules that include familiar fats and oils which are technically known as triglycerides

84
Q

Used by our body as energy storage molecules, insulation, cushioning of organs, primary cell membrane components, and as hormones

85
Q

detects the presence of unsaturation in lipids by addition of this solution

A

iodine solution

86
Q

what was iodized in the addition of iodine solution in unsaturated fatty acids

A

double bond

87
Q

its presence is detected by the addition of potassium bisulphate which induces the formation of acrolein

88
Q

has a characteristic irritating odor

89
Q

reagent in acrolein formation

A

potassium bisulphate

90
Q

react with bases in the process called saponification

A

acylglycerides

91
Q

formation of soap

A

saponofication

92
Q

forms deeply colored condensation product with acetic anhydride under acidic conditions in the Lieberman-Burchard test

A

cholesterol

93
Q

reagent in Lieberman-Burchard test

A

acetic anhydride

94
Q

test for detection of cholesterol

A

Lieberman-Burchard test

95
Q

a drop of iodine solution is added to each sample while shaking in between addition until no further discoloration is observed

A

iodine test

96
Q

Test for saturation

A

iodine test

97
Q

If iodine changes from brown to clear, the lipid is

A

unsaturated

98
Q

If iodine does not change, lipid is

99
Q

KHSO4 (potassium hydrogen sulfate) is added to each test tube and heated across the flame of Bunsen burner

A

acrolein test

100
Q

Detect the presence of glycerol or fat

A

acylglycerides

101
Q

When fat is treated strongly in the presence of dehydrating agent like potassium bisulphate (KHSO4), the glycerol portion of the molecule is dehydrated to form an unsaturated aldehyde

102
Q

ethanolic KOH is added to lipids and then placed in a water bath, NaCl is added and shaked
vigorously for the formation of soap precipitates

A

saponification

103
Q

what is added to lipids in saponification

A

ethanolic KOH

104
Q

what is added when ethanolic KOH is added with lipids and placed in a water bath

105
Q

Triglycerides of lipid react with an alkali NaOH or KOH to produce soap and glycerol in the presence of

106
Q

10 drops of acetic anhydride were added and then 5 drops of concentrated H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), mix carefully and observe change to deep green color (+)

A

Liebermann-Burchard test

107
Q

what is added to liebermann-burchard test

A

acetic anhydride
sulfuric acid

108
Q

Test for the presence of cholesterol

A

Liebermann-burchard test

109
Q

deep green is what result in Liebermann-Burchard test

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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