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Biochemistry > Cell Biochemistry > Flashcards

Cell Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

basic and smallest unit that is capable of forming life functions

A

cell

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2
Q

Cell theory states the following

A

all living things are made up of cells
all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division

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3
Q

cells without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

Includes bacteria and archaebacteria

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

Lack distinguishable nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

A

prokaryotes

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6
Q

cells with a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotes

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7
Q

Include cells from plants, animals, fungi, and protists

A

eukaryotes

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8
Q

label the bacterial cell

A

grade yourself accordingly

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9
Q

classic examples of prokaryotic organisms

A

bacteria

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10
Q

bacterial part made up of peptidoglycan phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins which delineates and protects the cell as well as regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell

A

plasma membrane

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11
Q

utilized for surface attachment or DNA exchange of DNA with another bacterium

A

pilius

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12
Q

whip-like structure that can propel a bacterium for movement

A

flagellum

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13
Q

large polysaccharide structure that forms the outermost envelope

A

capsule

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14
Q

Contains water which prevents the bacteria from drying out

A

capsule

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15
Q

functions as protection from phagocytosis (being eaten by immune cells) thereby increasing the virulence or disease-causing ability of such bacteria

A

capsule

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16
Q

help in environmental interaction such as pili, fimbriae, and flagellum

A

appendages

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17
Q

hair-like in appearance and utilized for surface attachment or DNA exchange of DNA with another bacterium

A

pili

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18
Q

hair-like but are shorter and more numerous

A

fimbriae

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19
Q

whip-like structure that can propel a bacterium for movement

A

flagellum

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20
Q

small, circular, double-stranded DNA that is physically separate from the nucleoid

A

plasmid

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21
Q

Replicated independently of the genophore

A

plasmid

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22
Q

Contain genes that enhance the survival of bacteria such as antibiotic resistance genes

A

plasmid

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23
Q

polysaccharide and protein aggregates

A

peptidoglycan

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24
Q

Polymers of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

A

peptidoglycan

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25
Q

end of each fimbria are special proteins called

A

adhesins

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26
Q

Major factor in bacterial virulence

A

fimbriae

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27
Q

Enable some bacteria to colonize human epithelial cells (cells of mucuous membrane)

A

fimbriae

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28
Q

genetic material in bacteria

A

nucleoid

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29
Q

Made up of circular, double-stranded piece of DNA

A

genophore (bacteria)

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30
Q

Made up of circular, double-stranded piece of DNA (genophore of bacterial DNA) and nucleoid-assiciated proteins

A

nucleoid

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31
Q

Irregular aggregate of genophore

A

nucleoid

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32
Q

bacterial DNA and nucleoid-associated proteins

A

genophore

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33
Q

demonstrated that microorganisms can cause disease and discovered how to make vaccines from weakened, attenuated, microbes

A

Louis Pasteur

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34
Q

have some differences that can be differentiated with a technique called gram staining

A

bacterial cell walls

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35
Q

where a bacterial sample is stained with various dyes and then rinsed with alcohol and the color that remains tell us the structure of the cell wall

A

gram staining

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36
Q

have cell walls with lots of peptidoglycan, so that they can retain more of the violet stain

A

gram-positive bacteria

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37
Q

have cell walls with less peptidoglycan, and they have another membrane full of lipopolysaccharides

A

gram-negative bacteria

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38
Q

Do not retain stain well, so they show up with more of a pink color

A

gram-negative bacteria

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39
Q

antibiotics that target cell walls in killing certain pathogens

A

beta-lactams

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40
Q

inhibit peptidoglycan cross-linking, which destroys the bacterial cell wall

A

beta-lactams

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41
Q

antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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42
Q

antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of DNA synthesis

A

DNA

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43
Q

antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

cell wall

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44
Q

antibiotics target this structure through disruption of membrane functon

A

cell membrane

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45
Q

antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of metabolism

A

folic acid

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46
Q

bacterial motion is called this

A

taxis

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47
Q

bacterial motion in response to a chemical signal

A

chemotaxis

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48
Q

Result of chemical reactions

A

chemotaxis

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49
Q

movement toward some kind of nutrient

A

positive chemotaxis

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50
Q

movement from toxic or dangerous

A

negative chemotaxis

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51
Q

spherical bacteria

A

cocci

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52
Q

one cocci

A

coccus

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53
Q

two cocci stuck together

A

diplococcus

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54
Q

bunch of cocci

A

staphylococci

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55
Q

chain of cocci

A

streptococci

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56
Q

rod-shaped bacteria

A

bacilli

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57
Q

one bacilli

A

bacillus

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58
Q

two bacilli

A

diplobacilli

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59
Q

chain of bacilli

A

streptobacilli

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60
Q

bacteria are spiral-shaped

A

spirilla and spirochetes

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61
Q

cell take a bit of DNA from its surroundings, which may then become incorporated in its genome

A

transformation

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62
Q

genes can be carried by a virus from one cell to another, and is incorporated in the chromosome

A

transduction

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63
Q

plasmids transmitted through pili directly from one bacterium to another

A

conjugation

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64
Q

sort like mitosis in eukaryotic cells, results in two identical daughter cells with all the genetic information

A

binary fission

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65
Q

occur by chance sometimes during DNA replication

A

mismatch errors

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66
Q

monomer

A

monosaccharide

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67
Q

2 monomer

A

disaccharide

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68
Q

3 to 10 monomers

A

oligosaccharide

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69
Q

> 10 monomers

A

polysaccharide

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70
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine
uracil

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71
Q

protective layer of bacteria, made of proteins, sugars, and lipids

A

capsule

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72
Q

provides the bacteria with its shape and structure

A

cell wall

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73
Q

permeable membrane that transfers nutrients and chemicals in and out of the cell

A

cell membrane

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74
Q

liquid within the cell which serves to protect cell parts

A

cytoplasm

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75
Q

unique from animal cells due to the presence of chloroplast and cellulosic cell wall

A

plant cells

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76
Q

also have cell walls but are made up of chitin which is the N-acetylated form of cellulose

A

fungi cells

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77
Q

porous especially with water and polar solutes such as ions and simple sugars

A

cell wall

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78
Q

provides structural support to plant cells and prevents the plant cells from bursting under high turgor pressure

A

cell wall

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79
Q

a fibrous acidic heteropolysaccharide that possess gelatinous properties

A

pectin

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80
Q

Different polysaccharide

A

pectin

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81
Q

homopolysaccharide of the simple sugar glucose

A

cellulose

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82
Q

Glucose is the only component of this

A

cellulose

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83
Q

pressure exerted the cell’s fluid content against the cell wall

A

turgor pressure

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84
Q

shrubs and trees have a thickened secondary cell

A

lignin

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85
Q

larger cell five times the size of a prokaryotic cell with an average size of 50 micrometers

A

eukaryotic cell

86
Q

Have membrane-bound nucleus unlike prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells

87
Q

unique from animal cells due to the presence of chloroplast and cellulosic cell wall

A

plant cells

88
Q

also have cell walls but are made up of chitin

A

fungi cell

89
Q

N-acetylated form of cellulose)

A

chitin

90
Q

what the cell is made up of, a homopolysaccharide of the simple sugar glucose

A

cellulose

91
Q

cross-linked with pectin

A

microfibrils

92
Q

heteropolysaccharide of the sugars galactose and galacturonic acid

A

pectin

93
Q

Has gel-like characteristics which binds the cellulose microfibrils together

A

pectin

94
Q

porous especially with water and polar solutes such as ions and simple sugars

A

cell wall

95
Q

during these, the cell loses water and its contents shrink up to a ball

A

plasmolysis

96
Q

remains intact when plasmolysis happen

A

outer cell wall

97
Q

have a thickened secondary wall that contains lignin

A

shrubs and trees

98
Q

brown phenolic polymer that imparts great strength and harness to wood

A

lignin

99
Q

fibrous acidic heterpolysaccharide that posseses gelatinous properties

A

pectins

100
Q

proposed by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicholson describes the structure of plasma membrane as composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

A

fluid mosaic model

101
Q

complex of polar phosphate head and non-polar hydrocarbon (lipid) tail

A

phospholipid

102
Q

Amphipathic in nature

A

phospholipid

103
Q

Have dual polarity (both polar and non-polar

A

phospholipid

104
Q

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

A

proteins

105
Q

proteins in the bilayer can be

A

integral
peripheral

106
Q

proteins which are embedded through the bilayer

A

integral membrane protein (IMP)

107
Q

proteins embedded at only one side of the bilayer

A

peripheral membrane protein (PM)

108
Q

are IMP with associated sugar moieties or chain that serve as cell surface receptors for cell recognition, membrane transport, or cell communication

A

glycoproteins

109
Q

lipid with sugar moieties that function more for cell recognition

A

glycolipids

110
Q

membranes of organelles that are composed of phospholipid bilayer

A

vacuoles
nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplast

111
Q

delineates the cell from its environment, protects the cell, and regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell

A

plasma membrane

112
Q

Permeable to water molecules by osmosis, but not to other polar molecules due to its hydrophobic core

A

plasma membrane

113
Q

pass through the plasma membrane via carrier molecules by active transport and facilitated diffusion which requires ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as energy source

A

ions

114
Q

made up of various protein scaffolds inside the cytoplasm which provides structural support to the cell and aid in cellular movement

A

cytoskeleton

115
Q

Filamentous in shape but have varying molecular components and diameter

A

cytoskeleton

116
Q

cytoskeleton can be classified as

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

117
Q

thickest of the cytoskeleton structures with an average diameter of 25 nanometer

A

microtubules

118
Q

Rigid hollow cylinders which are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin protein

A

microtubules

119
Q

two forms of tubulin form pairs or dimers which come together to form hollow cylinders which is the characteristic form of microtubules

A

alpha and beta tubulin protein

120
Q

maintain cell shape and hold organelles in place and allow them to move around inside the cell

A

microtubules

121
Q

prominently form the mitotic spindle during cell division which moves the chromosomes

A

microtubules

122
Q

protein component of the cell appendages

A

microtubules

123
Q

numerous hair-like cell surface projections

A

cilia

124
Q

longer whip-like structure for locomotion

A

flagella

125
Q

have an average diameter of 10 nanometer

A

intermediate filaments

126
Q

provide support and mechanical strength to the associated cellular parts and components

A

intermediate filaments

127
Q

intermediate filaments have different composition depending on the cell type (5)

A

keratin
vimentin
desmin
neurofilaments
lamins

128
Q

thinnest of the cytoskeleton with an average diameter of 7 nanometers

A

microfilaments

129
Q

made up of two actin chains that are twisted around one another to form a helical configuration

A

microfilaments

130
Q

mostly concentrated just beneath the cell membrane for mechanical support and maintenance of cell shape

A

microfilaments

131
Q

thread responsible for muscular contraction

A

actin and myosin

132
Q

also form cytoplasmic extension (microvilli

A

microfilaments

133
Q

numerous microscopic finger-like projections of the small intestine which increases its surface area for nutrient absorption and pseudopods

A

microvilli

134
Q

temporary arm-like extension of the plasma membrane for movement of certain cells or organisms

A

pseudopods

135
Q

gel-like aqueous region between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane.

A

cytoplasm

136
Q

popularly called “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of the cell because they are responsible for production of adenosine triphosphate

A

mitochondria

137
Q

energy currency of the cell

A

adenosine triphosphate

138
Q

Shape is ovoid or elongated

A

mitochondria

139
Q

Have their own small genome which can be maternally inherited

A

mitochondria

140
Q

– convoluted to increase surface area for ATP production

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

141
Q

organelle that consists of cisternae

A

endoplasmic reticulum

142
Q

an interconnected network of flattened membranous sacs

A

cisternae

143
Q

Two distinct kinds of ER

A

rER
sER

144
Q

made up of tubular sacs without studded ribosomes

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

145
Q

Involved in lipid and carbohydrate biosynthesis

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

146
Q

Involved in storage and release of calcium ions in cells

A

sER

147
Q

involved in Detoxification of drugs and toxicants such that in liver cells (

A

sER

148
Q

studded with ribosomes and have a flattened appearance

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

149
Q

Involved in the manufacture of various proteins in the cell on the ribosomes that studs its surface

A

rER

150
Q

Also modifies proteins by glycosylation or attachment of sugar moieties and in the proper folding of proteins into its proper shape or confirmation

A

rER

151
Q

some of these can be packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and transport within and outside the cell

A

rER

152
Q

the ribonucleoproteins (RNA + protein) particles that serve as a site for protein synthesis (translation)

A

ribosomes

153
Q

ribosomes can appear as (3)

A

clusters (polyribosomes)
single free-floating miniscule body
attached at the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, rER, or nucleus

154
Q

made up of two sub-units called the large (60S in eukaryotes, 50S in prokaryotes) and small sub-units (40S in eukaryotes and 30S in prokaryotes)

A

ribosomes

155
Q

two subunits of ribosomes in eukaryotes

A

large - 60s
small - 40s

156
Q

two subunits in prokaryotes

A

large - 50s
small - 30s

157
Q

made up of highly folded flattened sacs (cisternae)

A

golgi apparatus

158
Q

also known as golgi bodies or golgi complex

A

golgi apparatus

159
Q

modifies, packages, and “tags” proteins that were received from the rER for transportation to their destined location in the cells

A

golgi apparatus

160
Q

face of the golgi that receives transport vesicle

A

cis face

161
Q

face of the golgi that packs off secretory vesicle

A

trans face

162
Q

present mostly in animal cells and largely absent in plant cells

A

lysosomes

163
Q

acts as the cell’s garbage disposal organelle

A

lysosomes

164
Q

contain various acidic hydrolytic enzymes that break proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out cellular organelles

A

lysosomes

165
Q

active at pH below the cytoplasm and they are compartmentalized in the lysosomes to protect other cell parts from digestion by these digesting enzymes

A

enzymes

166
Q

small, spherical organelles enclosed by single membrane layer instead of a double layer for most organelles

A

peroxisomes

167
Q

carry out reduction-oxidation or simply redox reactions particularly the oxidative breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids

A

peroxisomes

168
Q

crucial in degrading toxic substances such as hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

169
Q

damaging to cells as it triggers free radical damage

A

hydrogen peroxide

170
Q

breaks down hydrogen peroxide which facilitates conversion to oxygen, gas, and water

A

catalase

171
Q

broken down inside peroxisomes (alcoholic drinks)

A

ethanol

172
Q

use molecular oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific organic substrates, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

A

oxidase

173
Q

specialized peroxisomes in plants which converts stored fatty acids into sugars particularly in germinating seeds

A

glyoxysomes

174
Q

membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport of materials within the cell

A

vesicles and vacuoles

175
Q

typically larger than vesicles and do not fuse with the membranes of other cell organelles

A

vacuoles

176
Q

typically have large central vacuole that can occupy as much as 80 percent of the cell’s volume

A

plants

177
Q

serve to maintain water balance in plants and for the storage and degradation of polar waste products

A

central vacuole

178
Q

have small inconspicuous vacuoles or none at all

A

animal cells

179
Q

smaller in size and can fuse with other vesicles or cell organelles

A

vesicles

180
Q

can store materials inside or transport them outside the cell

A

vesicle

181
Q

pair of cylindrical proteinaceous organelles just outside the nucleus of animal cells

A

centrioles

182
Q

each is made up of nine triplets of microtubules that are arranged in a cartwheel fashion around a central hollow region

A

centrioles

183
Q

a cartwheel fashion around a central hollow region

what pattern

A

9+0 pattern

184
Q

these from spindle fibers during cell division move the chromosome across the cell

A

centrioles

185
Q

are unique plant cell organelles that carry out photosynthesis through green pigment that it contains

A

chloroplast

186
Q

process by which plants manufacture glucose (simple sugar or monosaccharide) using CO2, water, and light energy with concurrent release of oxygen gas

A

photosynthesis

187
Q

has its own DNA and ribosomes and can therefore carry out replication and expression of genetic materials

A

chloroplast

188
Q

known as the control center of the cell and houses the DNA that directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins in the cell

A

nucleus

189
Q

DNA of the nucleus that is associated with nuclear proteins (histones)

A

chromatin

190
Q

has condensed chromatin and serves as the site for ribosome synthesis (transcription)

A

nucleolus

191
Q

boundary of the nucleus which has a similar structure to the plasma membrane except for the presence of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)

A

nuclear envelope

192
Q

allow the passage of relatively large molecules such as RNA and proteins across the membrane

A

nuclear pore complex

193
Q

continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are packaged and transported

A

nuclear membrane

194
Q

Among the given statements which ones do not describe the centrioles?

  • proteinaceous bodies
  • hollow cylinders in a cartwheel like configuration when viewed atop
  • made up of triplets of microtubules
  • proximal to the nucleus
  • most prominent during meiosis and mitosis
  • prominent in all eukaryotic cells
  • active at all times
  • occur in pairs
A
  • prominent in all eukaryotic cells
  • active at all times
195
Q

if asked about the mitochondria, how will you best describe such organelles?

two membranes and the inner membrane has distinct infoldings

metabolize sugars and fatty acids through a series of reactions that yield energy in the form of ATP

metabolize nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids through a series of rxn that yield ATP

two membranes, outer membrane has distinct infoldings

one membrane, distinct infoldings

one membrane, smooth

metabolize amino acids and fatty acids

metabolize sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

A

metabolize sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

two layers, inner distinct infoldings

196
Q

which of the following are characteristics of bacterial appendages?

made up of amino acids
made up of monosaccharides
aid in conjugation and locomotion
made up of nucleotides
aid in conjugation and cell attachment
made up of fatty acids
aid in locomotion, conjugation, and cell attachment
aid in locomotion

A

made up of amino acids
aid in locomotion, conjugation, and cell attachment

197
Q

which of the ff describe the bacterial DNA

made up of ribonucleotides
extra chromosomal DNA in bacteria which replicates independently
made up of circular double stranded DNA
no associated proteins with bacterial DNA
physically separated from cytoplasm
more complex genetic info than in eukaryotic cell
made up of amino acids

A

circular double stranded DNA
extra chromosomal DNA

198
Q

among the given organelles, which ones are present or prominent in plant cells but not in animal cells?

centrioles
rER
chlorophyll
sER
peroxisomes
lysosomes
mitochondria
golgi apparatus
chloroplast
vacuoles

A

chloroplast
vacuoles

199
Q

which of the ff are true for bacterial capsule

help bacteria in resisting antibiotics
made up of hydrated nucleic acid complex
made up of hydrated carbohydrate complex
made up of hydrated protein complex
help the bacteria in activating our immune system
help the bacteria in evading our immune system
help the bacteria in faster reproduction rate

A

made up of hydrated carbohydrate complex

help the bacteria in evading our immune system

200
Q

which distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes

presence of cell wall
presence of membrane-bound organelles
absence of cell membrane
absence of cell wall
presence of cell membrane
absence of membrane bound organelles
presence of membrane bound organelles
absence of membrane bound nucleus

A

absence of membrane bound organelles

absence of membrane bound nucleus

201
Q

how does the fluid mosaic model represent the structure of plasma membrane

proteins are embedded which are exclusively located at one side of the lipid bilayer

primary component is the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail at the core

primary component is the hydrophobic phosphate heat at the core

primary component is the phospholipid bilater with the hydrophilic phosphate head at the core

primary component is the phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic hydrocarbon tail at the core

proteins are embedded in a parallel manner with the lipid bilayer

proteins are embedded which can be located at one side of the lipid bilayer or passing through it

A

proteins are embedded which can be located at one side of the lipid bilayer or passing through it

primary component is the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail at the core

202
Q

which of the ff are wrong about the chloroplasts

capable of harnessing light energy to power up glucose synthesis

reason why plants are called autotrophs

involved in the production of oxygen gas

replicate and express its own genes independently

present in plant cells only

stroma contains the green photosynthetic pigments

has stacks of discoid structures called thylakoids

enclosed by two phospholipid bilayers

can release energy in the form of ATP just like mitochondria

A

It can release energy in the form of ATP just like mitochondria -

The stroma contains the green photosynthetic pigments

203
Q

among th given statements, which are characteristics of the cell wall

the plant cell wall is made up of galactose polymers that are cemented or lignified

present only in plants and fungi

present in bacteria, plants, and fungi

plant cell wall is made up of glucose polymers that are cemented by pectin or lignified

present in all eukaryotes

present only in plants

fungal cell wall is made up of modified cellulose called lignin

A

present in bacteria, plants, and fungi

made up of glucose polymers that are cemented by pectin or lignified

204
Q

what are gram positive bacteria

cannot retain crystal violet dye and thus stained purple

cannot retain crystal violet dye and thus stained pink

have a cell membrane made up of thick layer of peptidoglycan

retain crystal violet dye and thus stained purple

have cell wall made up of a thick layer of peptidoglycan

retain crystal violet dye and thus stained pink

have a cell wall made up of a thin layer of peptidoglycan

A

retain crystal violet and stained purple

cell wall made up of thick layer of peptidoglycan

205
Q

which organelles are involved in protein synthesis and/or transport

nucleus mitochondria
lysosomes ribosomes
golgi apparatus lysosomes
golgi apparatus vesicles
peroxisomes lysosomes
ribosomes rER
mitochondria centrioles
sER nucleus
ribosomes sER

A

golgi apparatus vesicles
ribosomes rER

206
Q

insulin is a protein produced by the pancreas and released into the bloodstream for lowering blood glucose level

which cell organelles are directly involved in the synthesis and eventual release of insulin

ribosomes and rER
vesicles and vacuoles
peroxisomes ribosomes
nucleus and rER
lysosomes peroxisomes
sER rER
golgi apparatus sER
ribosomes sER

A

ribosomes and rER
golgi apparatus and vesicles

207
Q

how can you best describe the cytoplasm

A

delineated by phospholipid bilayer and cell membrane

polar viscous environment

208
Q

which organelles are both present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

ribosomes
plasma membrane

209
Q

Which cell organelles have “house cleaning” functions in the cell?

A

Vacuoles and peroxisomes
Lysosomes and sER

210
Q
A

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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