Cell Biochemistry Flashcards
basic and smallest unit that is capable of forming life functions
cell
Cell theory states the following
all living things are made up of cells
all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division
cells without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
prokaryotes
Includes bacteria and archaebacteria
prokaryotes
Lack distinguishable nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotes
cells with a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotes
Include cells from plants, animals, fungi, and protists
eukaryotes
label the bacterial cell
grade yourself accordingly
classic examples of prokaryotic organisms
bacteria
bacterial part made up of peptidoglycan phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins which delineates and protects the cell as well as regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell
plasma membrane
utilized for surface attachment or DNA exchange of DNA with another bacterium
pilius
whip-like structure that can propel a bacterium for movement
flagellum
large polysaccharide structure that forms the outermost envelope
capsule
Contains water which prevents the bacteria from drying out
capsule
functions as protection from phagocytosis (being eaten by immune cells) thereby increasing the virulence or disease-causing ability of such bacteria
capsule
help in environmental interaction such as pili, fimbriae, and flagellum
appendages
hair-like in appearance and utilized for surface attachment or DNA exchange of DNA with another bacterium
pili
hair-like but are shorter and more numerous
fimbriae
whip-like structure that can propel a bacterium for movement
flagellum
small, circular, double-stranded DNA that is physically separate from the nucleoid
plasmid
Replicated independently of the genophore
plasmid
Contain genes that enhance the survival of bacteria such as antibiotic resistance genes
plasmid
polysaccharide and protein aggregates
peptidoglycan
Polymers of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides
peptidoglycan
end of each fimbria are special proteins called
adhesins
Major factor in bacterial virulence
fimbriae
Enable some bacteria to colonize human epithelial cells (cells of mucuous membrane)
fimbriae
genetic material in bacteria
nucleoid
Made up of circular, double-stranded piece of DNA
genophore (bacteria)
Made up of circular, double-stranded piece of DNA (genophore of bacterial DNA) and nucleoid-assiciated proteins
nucleoid
Irregular aggregate of genophore
nucleoid
bacterial DNA and nucleoid-associated proteins
genophore
demonstrated that microorganisms can cause disease and discovered how to make vaccines from weakened, attenuated, microbes
Louis Pasteur
have some differences that can be differentiated with a technique called gram staining
bacterial cell walls
where a bacterial sample is stained with various dyes and then rinsed with alcohol and the color that remains tell us the structure of the cell wall
gram staining
have cell walls with lots of peptidoglycan, so that they can retain more of the violet stain
gram-positive bacteria
have cell walls with less peptidoglycan, and they have another membrane full of lipopolysaccharides
gram-negative bacteria
Do not retain stain well, so they show up with more of a pink color
gram-negative bacteria
antibiotics that target cell walls in killing certain pathogens
beta-lactams
inhibit peptidoglycan cross-linking, which destroys the bacterial cell wall
beta-lactams
antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of protein synthesis
ribosome
antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of DNA synthesis
DNA
antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of cell wall synthesis
cell wall
antibiotics target this structure through disruption of membrane functon
cell membrane
antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of metabolism
folic acid
bacterial motion is called this
taxis
bacterial motion in response to a chemical signal
chemotaxis
Result of chemical reactions
chemotaxis
movement toward some kind of nutrient
positive chemotaxis
movement from toxic or dangerous
negative chemotaxis
spherical bacteria
cocci
one cocci
coccus
two cocci stuck together
diplococcus
bunch of cocci
staphylococci
chain of cocci
streptococci
rod-shaped bacteria
bacilli
one bacilli
bacillus
two bacilli
diplobacilli
chain of bacilli
streptobacilli
bacteria are spiral-shaped
spirilla and spirochetes
cell take a bit of DNA from its surroundings, which may then become incorporated in its genome
transformation
genes can be carried by a virus from one cell to another, and is incorporated in the chromosome
transduction
plasmids transmitted through pili directly from one bacterium to another
conjugation
sort like mitosis in eukaryotic cells, results in two identical daughter cells with all the genetic information
binary fission
occur by chance sometimes during DNA replication
mismatch errors
monomer
monosaccharide
2 monomer
disaccharide
3 to 10 monomers
oligosaccharide
> 10 monomers
polysaccharide
nitrogenous bases
adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine
uracil
protective layer of bacteria, made of proteins, sugars, and lipids
capsule
provides the bacteria with its shape and structure
cell wall
permeable membrane that transfers nutrients and chemicals in and out of the cell
cell membrane
liquid within the cell which serves to protect cell parts
cytoplasm
unique from animal cells due to the presence of chloroplast and cellulosic cell wall
plant cells
also have cell walls but are made up of chitin which is the N-acetylated form of cellulose
fungi cells
porous especially with water and polar solutes such as ions and simple sugars
cell wall
provides structural support to plant cells and prevents the plant cells from bursting under high turgor pressure
cell wall
a fibrous acidic heteropolysaccharide that possess gelatinous properties
pectin
Different polysaccharide
pectin
homopolysaccharide of the simple sugar glucose
cellulose
Glucose is the only component of this
cellulose
pressure exerted the cell’s fluid content against the cell wall
turgor pressure
shrubs and trees have a thickened secondary cell
lignin
larger cell five times the size of a prokaryotic cell with an average size of 50 micrometers
eukaryotic cell
Have membrane-bound nucleus unlike prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
unique from animal cells due to the presence of chloroplast and cellulosic cell wall
plant cells
also have cell walls but are made up of chitin
fungi cell
N-acetylated form of cellulose)
chitin
what the cell is made up of, a homopolysaccharide of the simple sugar glucose
cellulose
cross-linked with pectin
microfibrils
heteropolysaccharide of the sugars galactose and galacturonic acid
pectin
Has gel-like characteristics which binds the cellulose microfibrils together
pectin
porous especially with water and polar solutes such as ions and simple sugars
cell wall
during these, the cell loses water and its contents shrink up to a ball
plasmolysis
remains intact when plasmolysis happen
outer cell wall
have a thickened secondary wall that contains lignin
shrubs and trees
brown phenolic polymer that imparts great strength and harness to wood
lignin
fibrous acidic heterpolysaccharide that posseses gelatinous properties
pectins
proposed by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicholson describes the structure of plasma membrane as composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
fluid mosaic model
complex of polar phosphate head and non-polar hydrocarbon (lipid) tail
phospholipid
Amphipathic in nature
phospholipid
Have dual polarity (both polar and non-polar
phospholipid
embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
proteins
proteins in the bilayer can be
integral
peripheral
proteins which are embedded through the bilayer
integral membrane protein (IMP)
proteins embedded at only one side of the bilayer
peripheral membrane protein (PM)
are IMP with associated sugar moieties or chain that serve as cell surface receptors for cell recognition, membrane transport, or cell communication
glycoproteins
lipid with sugar moieties that function more for cell recognition
glycolipids
membranes of organelles that are composed of phospholipid bilayer
vacuoles
nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplast
delineates the cell from its environment, protects the cell, and regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell
plasma membrane
Permeable to water molecules by osmosis, but not to other polar molecules due to its hydrophobic core
plasma membrane
pass through the plasma membrane via carrier molecules by active transport and facilitated diffusion which requires ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as energy source
ions
made up of various protein scaffolds inside the cytoplasm which provides structural support to the cell and aid in cellular movement
cytoskeleton
Filamentous in shape but have varying molecular components and diameter
cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton can be classified as
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
thickest of the cytoskeleton structures with an average diameter of 25 nanometer
microtubules
Rigid hollow cylinders which are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin protein
microtubules
two forms of tubulin form pairs or dimers which come together to form hollow cylinders which is the characteristic form of microtubules
alpha and beta tubulin protein
maintain cell shape and hold organelles in place and allow them to move around inside the cell
microtubules
prominently form the mitotic spindle during cell division which moves the chromosomes
microtubules
protein component of the cell appendages
microtubules
numerous hair-like cell surface projections
cilia
longer whip-like structure for locomotion
flagella
have an average diameter of 10 nanometer
intermediate filaments
provide support and mechanical strength to the associated cellular parts and components
intermediate filaments
intermediate filaments have different composition depending on the cell type (5)
keratin
vimentin
desmin
neurofilaments
lamins
thinnest of the cytoskeleton with an average diameter of 7 nanometers
microfilaments
made up of two actin chains that are twisted around one another to form a helical configuration
microfilaments
mostly concentrated just beneath the cell membrane for mechanical support and maintenance of cell shape
microfilaments
thread responsible for muscular contraction
actin and myosin
also form cytoplasmic extension (microvilli
microfilaments
numerous microscopic finger-like projections of the small intestine which increases its surface area for nutrient absorption and pseudopods
microvilli
temporary arm-like extension of the plasma membrane for movement of certain cells or organisms
pseudopods
gel-like aqueous region between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane.
cytoplasm
popularly called “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of the cell because they are responsible for production of adenosine triphosphate
mitochondria
energy currency of the cell
adenosine triphosphate
Shape is ovoid or elongated
mitochondria
Have their own small genome which can be maternally inherited
mitochondria
– convoluted to increase surface area for ATP production
inner membrane of mitochondria
organelle that consists of cisternae
endoplasmic reticulum
an interconnected network of flattened membranous sacs
cisternae
Two distinct kinds of ER
rER
sER
made up of tubular sacs without studded ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Involved in lipid and carbohydrate biosynthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Involved in storage and release of calcium ions in cells
sER
involved in Detoxification of drugs and toxicants such that in liver cells (
sER
studded with ribosomes and have a flattened appearance
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Involved in the manufacture of various proteins in the cell on the ribosomes that studs its surface
rER
Also modifies proteins by glycosylation or attachment of sugar moieties and in the proper folding of proteins into its proper shape or confirmation
rER
some of these can be packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and transport within and outside the cell
rER
the ribonucleoproteins (RNA + protein) particles that serve as a site for protein synthesis (translation)
ribosomes
ribosomes can appear as (3)
clusters (polyribosomes)
single free-floating miniscule body
attached at the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, rER, or nucleus
made up of two sub-units called the large (60S in eukaryotes, 50S in prokaryotes) and small sub-units (40S in eukaryotes and 30S in prokaryotes)
ribosomes
two subunits of ribosomes in eukaryotes
large - 60s
small - 40s
two subunits in prokaryotes
large - 50s
small - 30s
made up of highly folded flattened sacs (cisternae)
golgi apparatus
also known as golgi bodies or golgi complex
golgi apparatus
modifies, packages, and “tags” proteins that were received from the rER for transportation to their destined location in the cells
golgi apparatus
face of the golgi that receives transport vesicle
cis face
face of the golgi that packs off secretory vesicle
trans face
present mostly in animal cells and largely absent in plant cells
lysosomes
acts as the cell’s garbage disposal organelle
lysosomes
contain various acidic hydrolytic enzymes that break proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out cellular organelles
lysosomes
active at pH below the cytoplasm and they are compartmentalized in the lysosomes to protect other cell parts from digestion by these digesting enzymes
enzymes
small, spherical organelles enclosed by single membrane layer instead of a double layer for most organelles
peroxisomes
carry out reduction-oxidation or simply redox reactions particularly the oxidative breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids
peroxisomes
crucial in degrading toxic substances such as hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
damaging to cells as it triggers free radical damage
hydrogen peroxide
breaks down hydrogen peroxide which facilitates conversion to oxygen, gas, and water
catalase
broken down inside peroxisomes (alcoholic drinks)
ethanol
use molecular oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific organic substrates, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
oxidase
specialized peroxisomes in plants which converts stored fatty acids into sugars particularly in germinating seeds
glyoxysomes
membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport of materials within the cell
vesicles and vacuoles
typically larger than vesicles and do not fuse with the membranes of other cell organelles
vacuoles
typically have large central vacuole that can occupy as much as 80 percent of the cell’s volume
plants
serve to maintain water balance in plants and for the storage and degradation of polar waste products
central vacuole
have small inconspicuous vacuoles or none at all
animal cells
smaller in size and can fuse with other vesicles or cell organelles
vesicles
can store materials inside or transport them outside the cell
vesicle
pair of cylindrical proteinaceous organelles just outside the nucleus of animal cells
centrioles
each is made up of nine triplets of microtubules that are arranged in a cartwheel fashion around a central hollow region
centrioles
a cartwheel fashion around a central hollow region
what pattern
9+0 pattern
these from spindle fibers during cell division move the chromosome across the cell
centrioles
are unique plant cell organelles that carry out photosynthesis through green pigment that it contains
chloroplast
process by which plants manufacture glucose (simple sugar or monosaccharide) using CO2, water, and light energy with concurrent release of oxygen gas
photosynthesis
has its own DNA and ribosomes and can therefore carry out replication and expression of genetic materials
chloroplast
known as the control center of the cell and houses the DNA that directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins in the cell
nucleus
DNA of the nucleus that is associated with nuclear proteins (histones)
chromatin
has condensed chromatin and serves as the site for ribosome synthesis (transcription)
nucleolus
boundary of the nucleus which has a similar structure to the plasma membrane except for the presence of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)
nuclear envelope
allow the passage of relatively large molecules such as RNA and proteins across the membrane
nuclear pore complex
continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are packaged and transported
nuclear membrane
Among the given statements which ones do not describe the centrioles?
- proteinaceous bodies
- hollow cylinders in a cartwheel like configuration when viewed atop
- made up of triplets of microtubules
- proximal to the nucleus
- most prominent during meiosis and mitosis
- prominent in all eukaryotic cells
- active at all times
- occur in pairs
- prominent in all eukaryotic cells
- active at all times
if asked about the mitochondria, how will you best describe such organelles?
two membranes and the inner membrane has distinct infoldings
metabolize sugars and fatty acids through a series of reactions that yield energy in the form of ATP
metabolize nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids through a series of rxn that yield ATP
two membranes, outer membrane has distinct infoldings
one membrane, distinct infoldings
one membrane, smooth
metabolize amino acids and fatty acids
metabolize sugars, amino acids, fatty acids
metabolize sugars, amino acids, fatty acids
two layers, inner distinct infoldings
which of the following are characteristics of bacterial appendages?
made up of amino acids
made up of monosaccharides
aid in conjugation and locomotion
made up of nucleotides
aid in conjugation and cell attachment
made up of fatty acids
aid in locomotion, conjugation, and cell attachment
aid in locomotion
made up of amino acids
aid in locomotion, conjugation, and cell attachment
which of the ff describe the bacterial DNA
made up of ribonucleotides
extra chromosomal DNA in bacteria which replicates independently
made up of circular double stranded DNA
no associated proteins with bacterial DNA
physically separated from cytoplasm
more complex genetic info than in eukaryotic cell
made up of amino acids
circular double stranded DNA
extra chromosomal DNA
among the given organelles, which ones are present or prominent in plant cells but not in animal cells?
centrioles
rER
chlorophyll
sER
peroxisomes
lysosomes
mitochondria
golgi apparatus
chloroplast
vacuoles
chloroplast
vacuoles
which of the ff are true for bacterial capsule
help bacteria in resisting antibiotics
made up of hydrated nucleic acid complex
made up of hydrated carbohydrate complex
made up of hydrated protein complex
help the bacteria in activating our immune system
help the bacteria in evading our immune system
help the bacteria in faster reproduction rate
made up of hydrated carbohydrate complex
help the bacteria in evading our immune system
which distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes
presence of cell wall
presence of membrane-bound organelles
absence of cell membrane
absence of cell wall
presence of cell membrane
absence of membrane bound organelles
presence of membrane bound organelles
absence of membrane bound nucleus
absence of membrane bound organelles
absence of membrane bound nucleus
how does the fluid mosaic model represent the structure of plasma membrane
proteins are embedded which are exclusively located at one side of the lipid bilayer
primary component is the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail at the core
primary component is the hydrophobic phosphate heat at the core
primary component is the phospholipid bilater with the hydrophilic phosphate head at the core
primary component is the phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic hydrocarbon tail at the core
proteins are embedded in a parallel manner with the lipid bilayer
proteins are embedded which can be located at one side of the lipid bilayer or passing through it
proteins are embedded which can be located at one side of the lipid bilayer or passing through it
primary component is the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail at the core
which of the ff are wrong about the chloroplasts
capable of harnessing light energy to power up glucose synthesis
reason why plants are called autotrophs
involved in the production of oxygen gas
replicate and express its own genes independently
present in plant cells only
stroma contains the green photosynthetic pigments
has stacks of discoid structures called thylakoids
enclosed by two phospholipid bilayers
can release energy in the form of ATP just like mitochondria
It can release energy in the form of ATP just like mitochondria -
The stroma contains the green photosynthetic pigments
among th given statements, which are characteristics of the cell wall
the plant cell wall is made up of galactose polymers that are cemented or lignified
present only in plants and fungi
present in bacteria, plants, and fungi
plant cell wall is made up of glucose polymers that are cemented by pectin or lignified
present in all eukaryotes
present only in plants
fungal cell wall is made up of modified cellulose called lignin
present in bacteria, plants, and fungi
made up of glucose polymers that are cemented by pectin or lignified
what are gram positive bacteria
cannot retain crystal violet dye and thus stained purple
cannot retain crystal violet dye and thus stained pink
have a cell membrane made up of thick layer of peptidoglycan
retain crystal violet dye and thus stained purple
have cell wall made up of a thick layer of peptidoglycan
retain crystal violet dye and thus stained pink
have a cell wall made up of a thin layer of peptidoglycan
retain crystal violet and stained purple
cell wall made up of thick layer of peptidoglycan
which organelles are involved in protein synthesis and/or transport
nucleus mitochondria
lysosomes ribosomes
golgi apparatus lysosomes
golgi apparatus vesicles
peroxisomes lysosomes
ribosomes rER
mitochondria centrioles
sER nucleus
ribosomes sER
golgi apparatus vesicles
ribosomes rER
insulin is a protein produced by the pancreas and released into the bloodstream for lowering blood glucose level
which cell organelles are directly involved in the synthesis and eventual release of insulin
ribosomes and rER
vesicles and vacuoles
peroxisomes ribosomes
nucleus and rER
lysosomes peroxisomes
sER rER
golgi apparatus sER
ribosomes sER
ribosomes and rER
golgi apparatus and vesicles
how can you best describe the cytoplasm
delineated by phospholipid bilayer and cell membrane
polar viscous environment
which organelles are both present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
ribosomes
plasma membrane
Which cell organelles have “house cleaning” functions in the cell?
Vacuoles and peroxisomes
Lysosomes and sER
