Intro to Biochemistry Flashcards
study of molecules of life or biomolecules and their reactions in living organisms
biochemistry
application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level
biochemistry
biochemistry emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of 20th century when scientists combined with what discipline of science (3)
chemistry
physiology
biology
Studying the structure and behavior of complex molecules found in biological materials
biochemistry
three principal areas of biochemistry
structure and function of biological macromolecules
metabolism
molecular genetics
anabolic and catabolic processes
metabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.
anabolism
the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.
catabolism
how life is replicated; regulation of protein synthesis
molecular genetics
In Biochemistry, we are interested in finding their (3)
properties
composition
transformation
attributes or characteristics that are used to describe biomolecules
properties
are values that depend on amount of biomolecule
extensive properties
example of extensive properties
weight
volume
magnitude of some properties do not depend on its amount
intensive properties
example of intensive properties
temperature
boiling point
properties that do not change the chemical structure of the biomolecule upon measurement
physical properties
example of physical properties
weight
temperature
volume
properties that change the chemical structure of biomolecule upon measurement
chemical properties
example of chemical properties
flammability
biodegradability
refers to the identity and amounts of the components of a biomolecule
composition
refers to the identity of components of biomolecule
Qualitative composition
example of description of qualitative composition
C, H, O, N, etc.
refers to the relative
amounts of a biomolecule
like:
quantitative composition
example of description of a quantitative composition
25% C
14% H
refers to the
changes that a biomolecule
undergoes
transformation
refers to changes in
physical states of the
biomolecules
physical transformation
liquid to
solid)
freezing
solid to
liquid)
melting
liquid
to gas)
vaporization
solid
to gas)
sublimation
gas to
solid)
deposition
gas
to liquid
condensation
refers to the chemical
reactions that
biomolecules undergo in
living organisms
chemical transformation
example of chemical transformation
oxidation
reduction
neutralization
methylation
which of the following is not an application of biochemistry
HIV testing
ames test for cancer
molecular cloning
breast cancer screening
genetic engineering
carbon nanotubes
carbon nanotubes
who discovered polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which is actually being used today to sequence the SARS coronavirus-2 which causes the infamous COVID-19
Kary Mullis
which of the following is not an example of chemical transformation in biomolecules
neutralization
condensation
oxidation
metabolic reaction
methylation
reduction
condensation
the building blocks of proteins are known as what
amino acids
which of the following is not a main area of biochemistry?
metamorphosis of biomolecules
functions of biomolecules
structure of biomolecules
catabolic reactions
anabolic processes
molecular genetics
metamorphosis of biomolecules
what technique was used in the elucidation of ribosome structure
x-ray crystallography
what biomolecule is defined according to its solubility in non-polar organic solvents?
lipids
which of the following is not a carbohydrate
mannose
fructose
sucrose
cellulose
glucose
lactose
globose
globose
the word ‘Biochemistry’ was first coined by whom
Carl Neuberg
the term macromolecules means ____ molecules
big
Friedrich Wohler was credited with the synthesis of which biomolecule in 1828 from inorganic materials
urea
what atom(s) serve(s) as the backbone for all biomolecules
carbon
which trio of scientists were able to prove that the DNA contains transmittable traits in living organisms
Avery, MacLeod, McCarty
what important discovery was attributed to James Watson and Francis Crick
double helical structure of DNA
which of the ff is not an application of biochemistry
phenylketonuria screening
pregnancy testing
gene replacement therapy
psychotherapy
genetically-modified foods or crops
pre-natal genetic testing
psychotherapy
smallest repeating unit of a nucleic acid is called a
nucleotide
the number of different kinds of amino acids found in proteins is ___
20
why is life defined by its chemistry?
- all living things are made up of tiny components called cells
- all living things ar made up of physical and non-physical components
- all living things are made up of atoms reacting with each other in a finely tuned molecular dance
- all living things are made upf various interacting forces of nature
- all living things are made up of non-living components
- all living things are made up of various microorganisms
c
what bonds connect nucleotides together
phosphodiester bond
produced by transferring desired
genes
genetically modified food
test to detect
the presence of HCG hormone
pregnancy testing
process of
recombination of desired genes
genetic engineering
detect the phenylketonuria in
newborns
phenylketonuria
a rare inherited disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body
phenylketonuria
test to
detect the ability of causing DNA
mutations
ames test
macromolecules or
“giant” molecules
biomolecules
They are “giant” because
they are made of hundreds
or even thousands of
smaller molecules
biomolecules
made up
biomolecules
monomers
four major biomolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid
structurally
composed of polyhydroxy aldehydes
or ketones
carbohydrates
carbohydrates are made up of what
polyhydroxy aldehydes/ketones
composes
some carbohydrates; single
sugar unit
monosaccharides
example of monosaccharides
glucose
mannose
fructose
2 sugar units
disaccharides
3-10 sugar units
oligosaccharides
> 10 sugar units
polysaccharides
example of dissacharides
lactose
sucrose
example of polysaccharides
cellulose
amylose
one molecule of glucose and one of galactose linked together
lactose
one molecule of glucose and one fructose molecule
sucrose
two units of glucose joined with an α-bond between the glucose units
maltose
defined by their solubility in
organic solvents
lipids
Non-polar like benzene and
hexane
lipids
example of lipids
triglycerides
steroids
phospolipids
composed of amino acids
linked to each other by peptide bonds
protein
organic
compounds that contain both
amino and carboxylic acid
groups
amino acids
biomolecules found in
the nucleus of cells for the passing of
characteristics from parents to
offsprings
nucleic acids
Polymers of nucleotides
linked to each other by
phosphodiester bonds
nucleic aicds
example of nucleic acids
RNA and DNA
synthesized the biomolecule urea from inorganic starting materials proving that biomolecules can be created outside the living organism
friedrich wohler
made the discovery of the first enzyme called amylase
anselme payen
coined the word “enzymes”
Wilhelm Kuhne
demonstrated that a complex biochemical process such as alcoholic fermentation can happen outside a living cell
eduard buchner
first proposed the use of the word “biochemistry”
Carl Neuberg
showed that enyzmes are basically made up of proteins
James Sumner
performed the first amino acid sequencing of the protein insulin
Fred Sanger
discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule
James Watson and Francis Crick
elucidated the biochemical steps in krebs cycle
Hans Adolf Kreb
discovered the polymerase chain reaction
Kary Mullis
approved the first protease inhibitor; a major weapon against the progression of AIDS
Food and Drug Administration
when did the first complete sequence of all the chromosome of a eukaryote is reported
1997
elucidated the structure of the ribosome using x-tray crystallography
Ada Yonath
what happens in a living
cell is unique to a living cell and can’t
be duplicated elsewhere in the
universe
vitalism
disproved vitalism
using ordinary chemistry to make
urea
Friedrich Wohler
its invention helped to
understand cells
microscope
invented
the first microscope and the first one
to see single-celled organisms
anton van leeuwenhoek
what Leeuwenhoek
called the organisms he saw in the
microscope
animalcules
improved the
microscope; discovered the cell basis
of life
robert hooke
discovered a
compound that he called “Nuclein
Friedrich Miescher
Augustan monk and
interested in studying the inheritance
of traits of peas
gregor mendel
wrote a book
called “what is life” and he posted a
question that the cell is not the most
fundamental thing with respect to life
erwin schrodinger
Stated that molecules is the
molecular basis of life
erwin shrodinger
in 1944,
proved definitely that the genetic
information passed within cells was
DNA
Avery, McLeod, McCarty
states that DNA
makes RNA makes protein
central dogma
