Lipid Slide Flashcards
Fatty acid synthesis
occurs primarily in the cytoplasm of these tissues: •\_\_\_\_\_ •\_\_\_\_\_ (fat) •\_\_\_\_\_ System •\_\_\_\_\_\_ gland
Liver
Adipose
Central Nervous
Lactating mammary
Glucagon and epinephrine
(inhibit or stimulates?) fatty acid synthesis,
and insulin (inhibit or stimulates?) it
Inhibit
Stimulates
Fatty Acid Synthesis and Oxidation Compared:
Pathway for fatty acid synthesis is in _____.
FA oxidation occurs in ______.
Lipogenesis involves oxidation of _____.
F.A. spiral involves reduction of _____ and ____
cytoplasm
mitochondria
NADPH
FADH+ & NAD+.
Fatty Acid Synthesis and Oxidation Compared:
Lipogenesis uses a ______ complex called ____.
Fatty acid degradation uses ____ enzymes, not necessarily ______
Lipogenesis intermediates are carried by
___________
____is the carrier for intermediates formed in the fatty acid spiral
multi-enzyme ; fatty acid synthase
individual
physically associated.
ACP (acyl carrier protein)
CoA
Acetyl-CoA in fat synthesis temporarily bound to enzyme complex as _______
malonyl-CoA.
The synthesis of ______ is
the 1st step of fatty acid synthesis
malonyl-CoA
The ____________ shuttle system is for transferring acetyl CoA from mitochondrion to cytosol
citrate–malate–pyruvate
Cholesterol = ___ C
Progestin = ____C
Glucocorticoids = ___C
Mineralocorticoid = ___C
Androgens = ____C
Estrogen = ____C
27
21
21
21
19
18
Cholesterol
- has __ carbons
- Synthesis takes __ Acetyl CoA molecules
- ___ separate enzymatic steps
- Occurs in the liver, makes __-___ g / day
- Average diet takes in __ g cholesterol / day
27
15
27
- 5 to 2.0
- 3
Liver normally converts ___ to bile acid
Cholesterol
Summary of cholesterol synthesis
-acetyl CoA to ________ to ____ to _____
Isopentynyl diphosphate
squalene
cholesterol
isopentynyl diphosphate can be used to produce vitamin _____
AEK
Biosynthesis of cholesterol
begins with ___ acetyl CoA molecules forming a __ C ____ molecule
3
6
mevalonate
PROPER cholesterol SYNTHESIS
- acetyl coA + acetyl coA =X
- X + acetyl coA= Y by ______
-Y to Z by ______
- Z to P
- to ________ to
- __________ to
- ______ to
- ______ to
- cholesterol
-VLDL: carry newly synthesized TAG from liver to peripheral tissues
IDL- intermediate between VLDL and LDL
LDL- carries cholesterol from liver to body
HDL- carries cholesterol from body to liver
LPL-hydrolyzes TAG in cyclomitrons; also cleaves TAG in VLDL to become IDL
HSL- degradation of TAG in adipose tissues
X = aceto acetyl coA
Y= HMG coA ; HGM synthetase
Z= mevalonate; HGM reductase
P= isopentyl pyrophosphate
geranyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate
squalene
lanosterol
HMG coA = __________
3-hydroxyl 3-methyl glutaryl
STATINS
- drugs that ____ cholesterol level in the blood
- they do this by being _____ to block the production of ____ by inhibiting _____
reduce
competitive inhibitors
mevalonate
HGM reductase
mevastatin to ___statin to ___statin(Lipitor and ringed structure)
lova
Atorva
statins also help with ____ and ______ response that causes coronary heart diseases(anti inflammatory)
osteoporosis
inflammatory
EXERCISE AND CARBS/LIPID METABOLISM
- humans burn (more or less ?) fat than carb in Resting state
- but at the beginning of exercise, due to urgent need for energy, ___ are metabolized first (they are faster)
- high intensity workouts burn ____ at first
- low intensity workouts burn ___ eventually because it goes on for a longer duration
More
carbs
carbs
fat
Relationship between
Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
________ is the link between
lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways.
Glucose, Glycerol, & Fatty acids
all degrade into _____
Biosynthesis of
fatty acids, ketone bodies, & cholesterol
all use _____
Acetyl CoA
acetyl CoA
acetyl CoA.
Ketone bodies form when there is an imbalance between _____ and ____ :
Inadequate amounts of ____,
during adequate times of ____ metabolism.
lipids and carbohydrates
glucose
lipid
Cholesterol and Fatty Acid synthesis occurs when body is overly rich in _______,
beyond energy needs for cellular activity.
acetyl CoA,
Degradation of TAG in adipose tissue (lipolysis) is catalyzed by _________
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL).
Synthesis of ketone bodies (ketogenesis)
- substrate:____
- product:_______,______,_____
- subcelullar location:____ of ____
- organ location: ____
- Excessive production of ketone bodies is typical during ______ or _____
acetyl-CoA
acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone
matrix of mitochondria
liver
starvation or diabetes mellitus
starvation or diabetes mellitus:
•↑ lipolysis → ↑__ →____ of _____ → excess of ______ → ↑ ketogenesis
FA
β-oxidation of FA
acetyl-CoA
Use of ketone bodies by the Extrahepatal Tissues
- acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are reconverted to _____ (→ citric acid cycle)
- is located in matrix of mitochondria of the peripheral tissues
- is significant in ___ muscles, ___ and also in the _____ if lack of Glc occurs
acetyl-CoA
skeletal
Heart
Brain
The committed step in fatty acids synthesis
•Formation of malonyl-CoA by ___________ (a key regulatory enzyme).
Citrate is an ______ and palmitoyl-CoA _____ this enzyme.
acetyl-CoA carboxylase
allosteric stimulator
inhibits
Synthesis of cholesterol
•substrate: _____
•product: cholesterol
•function: de novo synthesis of endogenous cholesterol
•subcelullar location:_____ and _____
•organ location: liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes and placenta make the largest contributions to the body´s cholesterol pool.
acetyl-CoA
cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum
VLDL: carry ________ from ___ to _____
Newly synthesized TAG
liver; peripheral tissues
IDL- intermediate between ____ and ____
LDL- carries _____ from ___ to ____
HDL- carries ____ from ____ to ____
VLDL and LDL
Cholesterol; liver to body
cholesterol; body to liver
LPL-hydrolyzes ____ in ____ ; also cleaves ____ in ____ to become ——
TAG
cyclomicrons
TAG in VLDL
IDL
HSL- degradation of ___ in adipose tissues
TAG
Chylomicrons carry ____ from the _____ to the ____ and ____
TAG (fat)
intestine
liver and adipose tissue.
_____________ (lpl)
And it’s synthesis is (stimulated to inhibited?) by insulin
lipoprotein lipase
Stimulated
