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Bch 201 > Beta Oxidation > Flashcards

Beta Oxidation Flashcards

1
Q

Beta oxidation of lipids

  • called beta oxidation because the oxidation and splitting of ________ atoms occur at the ____ carbon
  • occurs in the ______
A

2 carbon

beta

mitochondria

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2
Q

PREPARATIVE STAGES of beta oxidation

(1) fatty acids are activated to their ___ forms in the _______
(2) ___________________ CoA can’t pass through the _____ membranes therefore a transporter called _____ help

A

CO-A ; cytoplasm

long chain fatty acyl ; inner mitochondria; carnitine

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3
Q

PREPARATIVE STAGES of beta oxidation

(3) _____ transfers the fatty acyl to the ____ group of the ____ to form ________
Occurs in the cystolic side of ____

A

Carnitine acyl transferase 1(CAT1)

hydroxyl

carnitine

acyl carnitine. ; IMM

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4
Q

PREPARATIVE STAGES of beta oxidation

(4)______ carries the acyl carnitine through the membrane to the _____. Then ___ transfers the ___ group back to the coenzyme.

A

translocase

matrix

CAT2

acyl

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5
Q

At the end of the PREPARATIVE STAGES of beta oxidation

Carnitine goes back to the _____ side

A

cystolic

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6
Q

BETA OXIDATION STEPS

(1) ________________
(2) ________
(3) __________
(4) ________

A

FAD linked Dehydrogenase

Hydration

NAD+ dependent state

Cleavage

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7
Q

BETA OXIDATION STEPS

(1) FAD linked Dehydrogenase o
- fatty acyl coA is dehydrogenated to _______ (unsaturated)
- ___ to ____
- ________________ enzyme

(2) Hydration
- ___________ to ______
- __________

(3) NAD+ dependent state
- _______ is oxidized to ______
- ______ is formed

(4) Cleavage
- __________ undergoes ____ Cleavage to give ______ and a fatty acyl coA with __ carbon less

A

transenoyl coA: FAD to FADH2; acyl coA dehydrogenase

transenoyl coA to beta hydroxy fatty acyl coA
; enoyl coA hydratase

beta hydroxy fatty acyl co A ; beta keto fatty acyl coA; NADH

beta keto fatty acyl coA ; thiolytic

acetyl coA ; 2

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8
Q

_______ inhibits CAT-I activity.

A

Malonyl CoA

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9
Q

The odd chain fatty acids are oxidised exactly in the same manner as even chain fatty acids. However, after successive removal of 2-carbon units, at the end, one ____-carbon unit, _____ is produced

A

3

propionyl CoA

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10
Q

Proprionyl coA is converted to ______ then enters TCA cycle, finally converted to _____, and is used for _____ pathway .

A

succinyl CoA

oxaloacetate

gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS

The pathway is referred to as ______.
It (is or is not?) a reversal of oxidation.

A

Lynen’s spiral

Not

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12
Q

Fatty acids are synthesized mainly by a _______ pathway operating in the _____.

So it is referred to as extramitochondrial or cytoplasmic fatty acid synthase system.

A

de novo synthetic

cytoplasm

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13
Q

The starting material for de novo synthesis is ______ that is formed inside the _____ from _____.

the acetyl CoA units are delivered to the cytoplasm as ____ that is transported from mitochondria by a tricarboxylic acid transporter.

In the cytoplasm, citrate is cleaved to ______ and _____ . The enzyme is _________

The oxaloacetate can return to the mitochondria as ______ or ______

A

acetyl CoA

mitochondria

pyruvate

citrate

oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA

ATP citrate lyase.

malate or pyruvate

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14
Q

The inner membrane of mitochondria is freely permeable to acetyl CoA.

T/F

A

F it’s

not freely permeable to acetyl CoA.

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15
Q

citrate is an allosteric (stimulator or inhibitor ?) of acetyl coA carboxylase

palmitoyl coA (stimulates or inhibits?) acetyl coA carboxylase

A

Stimulator

Inhibits

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16
Q

In de novo synthesis of fatty acids

Acetyl CoA to ______

  • ______ is required
  • ______________ is the rate limiting enzyme

Acetyl coA to acetyl SH CE

  • acetyl ______
  • transfer of ___ to the ______ enzyme molecule

Malonyl coA to malonyl SH ACP

  • malonyl ____
  • transfer of _____ to __ by ____
A

malonyl Co A

biotin

acetyl Co A carboxylase

transcyclase; acetyl; SH condensing

transcyclase; malonyl; S; ACP

17
Q

Now, de novo synthesis gan gan

A+ M = _______ ACP/_______ ACP

  • _C + _C combine and condense and __ is let out
  • condensing enzyme /_______

______ to _______

  • _____ reaction
  • _______ is used
  • ________________
  • ________ to _______
  • ______ reaction
  • _______

______ to ____

  • _______ enzyme
  • second molecule of nadph is used

Pass on butyryl (4C) to the ___ of ____ of another monomer an pick up another malonyl coA and repeat the sequence from condensation to reduction again . For palmitate, it does it seven times

______ to ______

  • _______ releases palmitate from the multi enzyme complex
  • palmitate ends up in liver and adipose tissue
  • breast is ____(10C) and _____(12C)
A

aceto acetyl ; beta keto acyl

2;3 ; co2; keto acyl synthetase

Aceto acetyl ACP=beta hydroxy butyryl ACP; reduction; 2 NADPH ; beta keto acyl reductase

beta hydroxy butyryl ACP to Enoyl ACP ; dehydration; dehydratase

Enoyl ACP to butyryl ACP; Enoyl reductase

SH of condensing enzyme

Butyryl ACP to palmitate; thio esterase

capric; lauric

18
Q

The acetyl CoA formed from fatty acids can enter and get oxidized in TCA cycle only when _____ are available.

During _____ and ____ , the acetyl CoA takes the alternate fate of formation of ketone bodies.

A

carbohydrates

starvation and diabetes mellitus

19
Q

________ is the primary ketone body while _____________ and ________ are secondary ketone bodies.

They are synthesised exclusively by the _________.

A

Acetoacetate

beta-hydroxy butyrate and acetone

liver mitochondria

20
Q

Ketogenesis

Step 1. Condensation :___ molecules of _____ are condensed to form _____

Step 2.
One more ____ is added to ____ to form _______ . The enzyme is ________.

Step 3. Lysis
Then ______ is lysed to form _____.the _____ enzyme is used

Step 4. Reduction
_________ is formed by reduction of ____.

Step 5.
By _______, ______ is formed

A

Two; acetyl CoA ; acetoacetyl CoA.

acetyl CoA; acetoacetyl CoA; HMG CoA ; HMG CoA synthase

HMG CoA ; acetoacetate; HMG CoA lyase

Beta-hydroxy butyrate; acetoacetate

Spontaneous decarboxylation ; acetone

21
Q

Full meaning of HMG CoA

A

beta hydroxy beta methyl glutaryl CoA

22
Q

_______ HMG CoA is used for ketogenesis, while _____ fraction is used for cholesterol synthesis.

A

Mitochondrial

cytosolic

23
Q

HMG CoA lyase is present in few organs

T/F

A

F

It’s only in 1 organ, the liver

24
Q

Ratio between acetoacetate and beta hydroxy butyrate is decided by the cellular ___:____ ratio.

A

NAD:NADH

25
Q

Ketolysis

The ketone bodies are formed in the _____; but they are utilised by ______ tissues.

The ____ muscle and_____ prefer the ketone bodies to glucose as fuel.

Tissues like ____ muscle and ____ can also utilise the ketone bodies as alternate sources of energy, if glucose is not available.

_________ is activated to _____ by ____ enzyme and then it enters the ______ pathway to produce energy.

A

liver

extrahepatic

heart ; renal cortex

skeletal; brain

Acetoacetate; acetoacetyl CoA; thiophorase

beta oxidation

26
Q

___________ is the most common cause for ketosis.

A

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

27
Q

TAG synthesis

in liver it’s by _______

in adipose tissue, it’s by _______ gotten from _____ because adipose tissues lack _____

A

glycerol 3 phosphate

dihydroxylacetone phosphate; glycolysis

glycerol kinase

28
Q

TAG synthesis in adipose tissue

(1) ________ to _______
- _____________

(2) _______ to _______
- ______ enzyme
- ______ is used

(3) ________ to ____
- _______

(4) ________ to _________
- _______

(5) __________ to ______
- __________

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate - acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate ; acyl transferase

Acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate to lysophosphatidic; reductase; nadph

Lysophosphatidic to phosphatidic; acyl transferase

Phosphatidic to 1,2di acyl glycerol; phosphatidate phosphatase

1,2di acyl glycerol to triacylglycerol; acyl transferase

Bch 201 (11 decks)

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