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Bch 201 > Integration > Flashcards

Integration Flashcards

1
Q

Interrelationships Of Carbohydrate with Lipid Metabolism

Pyruvate end product of Glycolysis is _____________ to Acetyl-coA

Acetyl-coA is then utilized via _______

Acetyl-coA of Glucose when excess is diverted and used for biosynthesis of ______ and ____

A

oxidatively decarboxylated

TCA cycle

Fatty acids and Cholesterol.

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2
Q

Interrelationships Of Carbohydrate with Lipid Metabolism

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate an intermediate of _____ of Glucose , is a source for _____ production which when obtained from Glucose is utilized during Lipogenesis ,for biosynthesis of _______ and _______ biosynthesis.

A

Glycolysis

Glycerol

Triacylglycerol and Phospholipid

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3
Q

Efflux of TCA Intermediates

  • Citrate –____ Biosynthesis of _____
  • OAA is reversibly transaminated to _____
  • α Ketoglutarate reversibly transaminated to _____.
  • Succinyl CoA is effluxed for ___ biosynthesis and _____.
A

Denovo

Fatty acids.

Aspartate

Glutamate

Ketolysis

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4
Q

Influx of TCA Cycle Intermediates

•αKetoglutarate is added by ________ by it’s ________ activity.

  • Succinyl -CoA is obtained from ______ which is a source from B-oxidation of odd chain fatty acid
  • Catabolism of ____,____,___ amino acids forms Succinyl-CoA.
A

Glutamate

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Propionyl-CoA

Valine, Isoleucine & Methionine (VIM)

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5
Q

Fumarate is influxed through _____ and _____ metabolism

Fumarate also through ___ cycle by ____ activity.

A

Phenylalanine & Tyrosine

Urea

Argininosuccinase

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6
Q

Fat burns under the Flame of Carbohydrates

•1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

A

For complete oxidation of Fatty acids

their needs presence of sufficient amount of cellular Glucose.

In a well fed conditions, The major source of OAA is Glucose. And Oxaloacetate is an essential initiating metabolite for the TCA cycle.

OAA serve as a flame for oxidation of Acetyl CoA via TCA cycle.

Cellular deprivation of Glucose leads to incomplete oxidation of Fatty acids.

Accumulates Acetyl-CoA in Mitochondrial matrix.Impermeable Acetyl-CoA is then transformed to permeable ketone bodies via ketogenesis.

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7
Q

Interrelationship Of Carbohydrates
And Protein Metabolism

Intermediates of Carbohydrate metabolism can be a source of Carbon skeleton for biosynthesis of non Essential amino acids.

●Pyruvate to ____
●OAA to ____
●αKetoglutarate to ______

A

Alanine

Aspartate

Glutamate

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8
Q

β-oxidation of Fatty acid and it’s Interrelationship

The reduced coenzymes FADH2 & NADH+H+ generated during it’s pathway are Integrated with ______________ to generate ATP.

A

ETC /oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

Acetyl-CoA formed as an end product of β oxidation of fatty acids Is integrated with ______ for it’s complete oxidation.

A

TCA cycle

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10
Q

Fatty acids can be converted to Glucose

T/F

With reason

A

F

Fatty acids
cannot be converted to Glucose

Acetyl-CoA obtained from Beta-oxidation of fatty acids cannot be reversibly converted to Pyruvate
•Since PDH complex is irreversible in action.
•Thus there is no net conversion of Fatty acids (Fat) to Glucose (Carbohydrates).

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11
Q

Propionyl-CoA, end product of β oxidation of odd chain fatty acid Serve as a source for Glucose production

T/F

With reason

A

T

after conversion into Succinyl-CoA (intermediate of TCA cycle)

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12
Q

Fatty acids are a source for Amino acids Biosynthesis in human body .

T/F

A

F

Fatty acids are also not a source for Amino acids Biosynthesis in human body .

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13
Q

Glucose is alternatively oxidized through HMP shunt to generate:

– _________ H+ (reducing equivalents)

• __________

A

NADPH+

Ribose-5- phosphate

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14
Q

NADPH+H+ from HMP shunt are integrated to:

  • Biosynthesis of ______
  • Biosynthesis of ______
  • ____ metabolism
A

Fatty acids

Cholesterol

Drug

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15
Q

The Ribose-5-phosphate (pentose sugar) of HMP shunt is integrated for
•Biosynthesis of ______ and _____

A

Purine & Pyrimidine Nucleotides.

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16
Q

Amino acids are interrelated for
Purine and Pyrimidine biosynthesis

___,___,_____ for Purine Biosynthesis
•____,______ for Pyrimidine Synthesis

A

Gly , Asp, Gln

Asp and Gln

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17
Q

Amino acids are Source
For Glucose In Human Body

T/F

A

T

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18
Q

_______ type of amino acids are source for production of Glucose via ________.

A

Glucogenic

Gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

100 gm of Proteins can produce approx ___ gm of Glucose in human body.

A

60

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20
Q

Amino acid Glycine is connected to Heme biosynthesis.

T/F

A

T

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21
Q

Glycerol released during lipolysis of TAG is integrated With ______ to produce ____.

A

Gluconeogenesis

Glucose

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22
Q

Interrelationships of Uronic acid pathway

Glucuronic acid of Uronic acid pathway is integrated with ______ reactions of _____ process.

A

Phase II conjugation

detoxification

23
Q

Glucuronic acid is involved in _____ and other drug metabolism.

24
Q

Glucuronic acid is involved in __________ biosynthesis.

A

Mucopolysaccharide

25
Q

Low and high levels of ATP _____ and _____ respectively the regulatory enzymes of Glycolysis and TCA.

A

stimulate and inhibit

26
Q

Increased levels of Citrate (stimulates or inhibits ?) enzyme Acetyl CoA Carboxylase of De Novo biosynthesis of Fatty acid.

A

stimulates

27
Q

Increased Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase is

Allosteric (stimulator or inhibitor ?) of PFK of Glycolysis
•Allosteric (stimulator or inhibitor?) of Fru1,6Bis Phosphatase of Gluconeogenesis.

A

Stimulator

Inhibitor

28
Q

Enzymes are regulated by:
• ______ Regulation
•_______ Modifications

A

Allosteric

Covalent

29
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate forms 3 amino acids

List them

A

Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine

30
Q

Ribose5phosphate forms 1 amino acid

List it

31
Q

Pyruvate forms 3 amino acids

List them

A

Alanine

Valine

Leucine

32
Q

Alphaketoglutamate forms 3 amino acids

List them

A

Glutamine

Arginine

Proline

33
Q

3phosphoglycerate forms

______ that can form ___ and ____

A

Serine

Glycine; cysteine

34
Q

Oxaloacetate forms

____ that forms

_____,____,_____,____

A

Aspartate

Methionine, asparagine, threonine,lysine, isoleucine

35
Q
  • In a well fed condition Liver stores excess free Glucose as ______.
  • In emergency condition , In Liver , Glycogen is degraded via ______ and biosynthesizes ___ via _____.
A

Glycogen

Glycogenolysis

Glucose

Gluconeogenesis

36
Q

Liver biosynthesizes endogenous Lipids and mobilize out it as _____ for extra hepatic use.

37
Q

Muscles

  • In a normal metabolic state muscle uses ___ and ____ as main sources of energy.
  • In a well fed state muscles has large stores of ______ (3/4th)
A

Glucose and Fatty acids

Glycogen

38
Q

In contracting muscles, during severe exercise in anaerobic condition Glycolysis ends as ______ which is later metabolized by converting it into ____ after carried through blood in Liver via Gluconeogenesis(___ cycle).

A

Lactate

Glucose

Cori

39
Q

In resting Muscle ,_____ are the major source of energy

So that spare Glucose is used by _____ and ____

A

fatty acids

Brain and Erythrocytes.

40
Q

inhibitory effect of oxygen on glycolysis is known as _________

A

Pasteur effect.

41
Q

Adipose Tissue

•____ is the major fuel for this tissue.

42
Q

Metabolic Profile of Adipose Tissue

•Needs ____ for biosynthesis of TAG

43
Q

Hormone sensitive Lipase is activated when _________ ratio is low

A

Insulin/Glucagon

44
Q

Brain

•_______ is the main fuel of Brain (____ gm/day)

A

Glucose

120

45
Q

Fatty acids cannot be utilized by brain

T/F

With reason

A

T

as they are bound to Albumin and cannot cross blood brain barrier.

46
Q

______% of bodies utilization of Glucose is by Brain.

In starvation ->________ can replace Glucose in the brain

A

60-70

Ketone bodies

47
Q

Erythrocytes

  • Erythrocytes uses obligatorily ____ for its activity.
  • It lacks ____ hence the Glycolysis ends in ____.
A

Glucose

Mitochondria

Lactate

48
Q

Metabolic Profile of Kidney

●During Starvation -> Important site of ______ (___ of blood ____)

A

Gluconeogenesis

1/2

Glucose

49
Q

GLUCOGENIC amino acids

  • can become _____ or a 4C or 5C intermediate of the TCA cycle
  • precursors for ______
  • can be used to produce energy, glycogen or even fatty acid

KETOGENIC

  • can become _____ or _____
  • not precursors for _______
  • can be used to produce ____, ketone bodies, and energy
A

Pyruvate

gluconeogenesis

acetyl coA or acetoacetate

gluconeogenesis

fatty acid

50
Q

Both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids can be used to produce fatty acid

T/F

51
Q

Glucogenic amino acids

PYRUVATE(_C)
___________________________

OXALOACETATE (_C)
_______________

Succinyl coA(_C)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Alpha keto glutarate(__C)
________________________

A

3; gacst -glycine, alanine, cysteine, serine, threonine

4; Asparaboth🖤

4; Vim- valine, isoleucine, methionine

5; phagg -proline, histidine, arginine, glutamate, glutamine

52
Q

Examples of purely Ketogenic amino acids are:

(1) ______
(2) _______

A

LYSINE

LEUCINE

53
Q

However, some amino acids can play both fields I.e act as both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids.

These are
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
A

1.Phenylalanine
2.Isoleucine
3.Tyrosine
4.Tryptophan
Threonine

Bch 201 (11 decks)

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