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MD4001 > limbic system > Flashcards

limbic system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the core components of the limbic system?•

A
  • Amygdala
  • Hipocampus
  • Limbic cortex
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2
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A
  • Anterior temporal lobe
  • Tail of the caudate nucleus
  • Rostral to the hippocampus
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3
Q

What are the nuclei of the amygdala?

A
  • Central
  • Corticomedial
  • Basolateral (basal and lateral)
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4
Q

Kluver Bucy

A 
• Associated with damage to the anterior temporal lobes
• Common symptoms: 
- Hyperorality 
- Placidity 
- hyper sexuality 
- visual agnosia 
- memory loss 
- hyper metamorphosis 
- enhanced aggression and anger 
- seizures 
- anger 
- dementia
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5
Q

What are the causes of kluver bucy syndrome?

A
  • herpes encephalitis
  • Trauma
  • Tumours
  • hypoxia
  • Pick’s disease
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6
Q

What happens when there is damage to the amygdala specifically?

A

Abrogates fear

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7
Q

Urbach Wiethe disease

A
  • Calcificaiton in the temporal lobes
  • Without fear
  • Defecrs in judgment of emotion present in facial expression
  • Poor performance in odour-figure association test
  • Defects in remembering positive and negative emotional content of pictures
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8
Q

What happens when the amygdala is electrically stimulated?

A

• Anxiety and fear

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9
Q

What nucleus is activated by fear?

A

Central (and the bed of the stria terminalis BST)

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10
Q

What are the outputs of the amygdala?

A 
• Central nucleus 
• Output to hypothalamus via the stria terminalis 
• Output to brainstem structures: 
- Locus ceruleus 
- parasympathetics 
- ventral tegmental area 
- periaqueductal grey matter
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11
Q

What are the inputs to the amygdala?

A
  • Can be extant objects, imagined or contextual
  • Can be from inside or outside of the CNS
  • Inputs go to the lateral nucleus
  • Fast track via the thalamus
  • Longer route via the cerebral cortex (+ hippocampus_)
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12
Q

Which part of the amygdala is responsible for comparing the incoming sensory stimuli to previous stimuli?

A

The basolateral amygdala

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13
Q

What makes up the limbic cortex?

A

Anterior and anterior portion of the middle cingulate gyrus

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14
Q

What is the role of the anterior cingulate gyrus?

A
  • Encodes basic emotion: happiness, sadness, fear
  • Encodes emotional memory
  • has a top down influence and works to recode the amygdala
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15
Q

Describe the top down influence of the amygdala

A
  • Computes relevance/outcomes and drives appropriate behaviour
  • Provides conflict resolution
  • Part of the pain network
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16
Q

What are the effector pathways of the anterior cingulate gyrus?

A
  • Motor reactions
  • Specific zone for driving face muscles
  • Direct outputs to the autonomic NS and indirect via the amygdala
17
Q

What is the role of the insula?

A
  • Works with the ACC to evaluate emotional contexts
  • Role in empathy
  • Encodes emotional awareness
18
Q

PTSD

A
  • Hyporesponsive and decreased volume ACC
  • Amygdala becomes hyperresponsive to. trauma related stimuli
  • Top down control of the amygdala is therefore missing in PTSD
19
Q

What are the effectors of the limbic system?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Locus coeruleus
  • Periaqueductal grey
  • Dorsal raphe nucleus
20
Q

What are the inputs to the hypothalamus

A
  • Limbic cortex
  • Amygdala
  • Olfactory systems
  • Viscera
  • Pain
  • Internal signals
21
Q

What are the outputs of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Neuronal to the brainstem and spinal cord

* Hormonal

22
Q

What is the locus coeruleus?

A

Midbrain nucleus involved in physiological responses to panic and stress

23
Q

What are the inputs to the locus coeruleus?

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Amygdala
  • PAG
  • Hypothalamus
24
Q

What is the function of the locus coeruleus

A
  • Promotes alertness and wakefulness
  • Promotes anxiety and the formation and retrieval of emotional memories
  • Projections to the hypothalamus maintains arousal and effects autonomic nervous system output
  • Projections from the APG select fight or flight mode
25
Q

What is the dorsal raphe nucleus?

A
  • Midbrain nucleus that projects on ascending system
  • Projects to and receives from the amygdala and aCC
  • Serotonin
26
Q

What is the function of the dorsal raphe nucleus?

A
  • Determines tonic limbic activity and dynamic mood state

* Processes descending pain paths from he periaqueductal grey to the dorsal raphe nucleus to the spinal cord

27
Q

Depression

A
  • Reduced metabolism in the ACC
  • Reduced size of the ACC
  • Amygdala is reduced in size and hyperactive
  • Highest density of 5HTT in the ACC
28
Q

Function of the hippocampus

A
  • Indirect influence on emotion

* Important in forming episodic memories

29
Q

Where is the hippocampus?

A
  • Deep in the temporal lobe
  • Floor of the lateral ventricle
  • Rolled appearance
30
Q

What is the hippocampal formation?

A

Hippocampus and associated cortex

31
Q

What is the parahippocampal gyrus

A

Perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex

32
Q

Entorhinal area

A

Main gateway for communication with the neocortex

33
Q

Subiculum

A

Most inferior part of the hippocampus, connected to the entorhinal areas, amygdala and nucleus accumbent

34
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Episodic and semantic memory

35
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Recollection of events in a person’s past

36
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General knowledge about the world

37
Q

Early damage of the hippocampus

A
  • Difficult to remember events of daily lives

* Intact semantic memory- can gain factual knowledge

38
Q

Adults with hippocampal damage

A
  • Can retain memories of events that occurred years before the onset of the damage
  • difficult to remember events of daily life

MD4001 (28 decks)

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