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MD4001 > How To Make a Brain > Flashcards

How To Make a Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What does the neural tube form from? and what is this process called?

A
  • The neural plate

* Neurulation

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2
Q

What is the neural plate formed from?

A

Columnar epithelium (neuroectoderm)

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3
Q

What happens at day 19

A

A midline groove becomes apparent

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4
Q

What is neurulation induced by?

A

The notocord

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5
Q

What happens at day 20-21?

A

The edge of the plate thickens, forming the neural fold and neural groove

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6
Q

When do the edges of the neural fold roll over and what causes this to happen?

A

In the 4th week, actin contracts (apical constriction)

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7
Q

When does the rostral end of the neural tube close?

A

Day 25

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8
Q

When does the caudal end of the neural tube close?

A

Day 27

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9
Q

What happens if the rostral end of the neural tube fails to close?

A
  • Causes Anencephaly
  • Infants are born without a forebrain
  • Usually unreactive to light and sound
  • Usually stillborn
  • Some may exhibit respiration and respond to touch and sound
  • 0.5-1 per 1000 live births
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10
Q

What are the risk factors for anencephaly?

A
  • Folate deficiency
  • Previous anencephaly
  • Diabetes
  • Epilepsy drugs
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11
Q

What is caused by defects at the caudal neuropore?

A

Spina bifida

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12
Q

What are the different types of spina bifida?

A 
• Spina bifida occulta 
- 1/10 
- most mild form, often pinched but not closed 
• Meningocele 
- subarachnoid space protrudes 
• Meningomyelocele
- subarachnoid space and the spinal cord protrude
• Myeloschisis 
- most severe form
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13
Q

What is a disease marker for neural tube defects?

A

Alpha fetoprotein

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14
Q

What are the swellings of the neural tube and what do they become?

A
  • Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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15
Q

Describe the development of the forebrain

A
  • Grows 2 lateral expansions connected to a central like split
  • Forms the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle
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16
Q

Describe the development of the midbrain

A
  • Grows slower than the forebrain, remains as a single central tube
  • Forms the cerebral aqueduct
17
Q

Describe the development of the hindbrain

A
  • Develops into the (rest of) the brainstem and cerebellum with a central ventricle expanding
  • Forms the 4th ventricle
18
Q

What is the lateral fissure formed by?

A

The growth of the temporal lobe

19
Q

What covers the insula?

A

The operculum of each cortex from each adjacent lobe

20
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Huge hemisphere connection

21
Q

Fornix

A

Connects the hippocampus to anterior structures

22
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory function

23
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

Fluid filled space connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

24
Q

What are the basal ganglia split by and what does this form?

A

Split by ascending and descending white matter bundles (internal capsule) and this forms the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus

25
Q

What is significant about the roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

It is closed then opens out, it has cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

26
Q

Where does the cerebellum develop?

A

In the dorsal wall of the neural tube (wall of the IV ventricle)

27
Q

What becomes the spinal cord?

A

Caudal neural tube

28
Q

What are the layers of the caudal neural tube?

A

• Innermost = Ventricular layer
- progenitor cells (neurones/glia)

• Mantle layer
- neuron bodies/glia

• Marginal layer = outermost layer
- processes of neurones

29
Q

What is the default for the differentiation of ectoderm?

A

to differentiate into nerve cells

30
Q

What inhibits neural ectoderm?

A

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibits neural ectoderm promoting skin

31
Q

How does the notocord induce neural tube formation and nerve cell specialisation?

A

It produces noggin, chordin and follistatin which inhibits BMP allowing the default of neural differentiation of ectoderm to occur

32
Q

What cell types do specialised cells from the neural crest give rise to?

A
  • Skull (bone)
  • Sensory and autonomic NS
  • Pigment cells
33
Q

Where do cells from the neural crest migrate to?

A

The mesoderm

34
Q

What cells are produced from neural crest?

A
  • Cranial nerve ganglia
  • Dorsal root ganglia
  • Autonomic ganglia
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Smooth muscle of cardiac outflow
  • Schwann cells
  • odontoblasts
  • Melanocytes
  • Craniofacial skeleton
  • Thyroid parafollicular cells
35
Q

What is Waardenburg’s syndrome?

A 
Defective neural crest development syndrome 
• Autosomal dominant 
• Pigment abnormalities 
• Deafness 
• Constipation (Autonomic NS) 
• Heterochromia of the eye 
• Telecanthus of the eye 
• Some have a PAX 3 deletion
36
Q

What is Treacher Collins Syndrome?

A
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Defective protein: treacle (TC0F1)
  • Failure/ apoptosis of neural crest cells
  • Abnormal eye shape
  • Micrognathia
  • Conductive hearing loss
  • Undeveloped zygoma
  • Malformed ears

MD4001 (28 decks)

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