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Poultry AnSc 440 > Lighting in Poultry > Flashcards

Lighting in Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

what are facts about chicken eyes

A
  • large eye size
  • highly developed sense of vision
  • extended spectral sensitivity (including UV)
  • excellent ability to see different colours
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2
Q

What are rods and cones

A
  • photoreceptors found in retina
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3
Q

what is the difference between rods and cones

A
  • rods are associated with night vision
  • cones are associated with day vision
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4
Q

what is the correlation to brightness and chickens

A
  • chickens are biologically designed for bright light
  • chickens are more active during the day
  • research has shown chickens prefer brighter light
  • vision is a chickens major method of sensing its environment
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5
Q

how does light enter a chickens brain

A

2 pathways
1. through the skull into the pineal gland directly
2. eye- hypothalamus - pituitary gland - reproduction and body function

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6
Q

what type of light doesnt penetrate the skull

A
  • low light intesity
  • shorter wavelengths may not penetrate the skull as well (blue and yellow light)
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7
Q

what colour of light penetrates the brain better

A

longer wavelengths like orange to red

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8
Q

how is white light measured? is it effective

A

LUX
- based on human ability, effective for white light only

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9
Q

why is light intensity important

A
  • manipulated to influence bird behaviour
  • positive relationship between light intensity and bird activity
  • common industry applications
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10
Q

what happens during low light intensity

A
  • reduce canabolism
  • reduced mortality (sudden death syndrome)
  • reduce food wastage
  • decrease bruising
  • imporve feed efficiency
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11
Q

what happens in high light intensity

A
  • eating and drinking
  • mating activity
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12
Q

what factors need to be considered when choosing light intensity in broilers and turkeys

A
  • chickens and turkeys prefer higher light intensity
  • research suggest minor effects of light intensity on broiler production traits (growth, feed intake and mortality)
  • low intensity increased yield of carcass, leg and wing portions in broilers
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13
Q

what factors should be considered in low light intensity for broilers and turkeys

A
  • increases resting and reduces comfort behaviours
  • increases breast blistering and foot pad lesions
  • increase eye abnormalities and can cause blindness
  • helps control canabolism and bullying in turkeys
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14
Q

what are fixed light conclusions

A
  • early brooding - at least 20 LUX
  • later brooder and rearing - no lower then 5 (low light intensity causes a negative welfare effect without any positive production)
  • egg production - 5 LUX min
  • natural and AI breeding flocks greater then 10
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15
Q

why should you use a dusk till dawn method

A
  • its a gradual change in light intensity
  • this allows birds to wake up in a timly matter and not all at once
  • prevents crowding at food and water stations
  • prevents agression and bruising on carcass
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16
Q

what is CLUX

A
  • chicken version of lux
  • based on avian visual capacity
  • should be used for coloured lighting
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17
Q

what is the effect of wavelength on growth and muscle yield

A
  • disagreement in literature
  • green/blue light stimulate growth early on in life
  • some research shows no benefits at all
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18
Q

what does green light stimulate

A
  • stimulates satellite differentiation, leading to an increased breast muscle yeild (in the first three days after hatch)
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19
Q

what is the issue with research and experiements

A
  • measured in LUX
20
Q

how do emotional stressors have an impact on production

A
  • adaptive states can lead to coping mechanisms
  • chickens selected for low fear of humans had a higher body weight and laid larger eggs
  • birds exposed to fearlful situations: reduction in growth and increased feather pecking
21
Q

what are active behaviours in poultry

A
  • walking
  • running
  • standing
  • resting
22
Q

what are nutritive behaviours in poultry

A
  • feeding and drinking
23
Q

what are comfort behaviours in poultry

A
  • preening
  • dust bathing
  • leg and wing stretching
24
Q

what are exploratory behaviours in poultry

A

foraging

25
Q

what are abnormal behaviours of poultry

A
  • feather pecking
  • cannabolism
  • stereotypies
26
Q

what are some conclusions that can be made with blue light

A
  • will reduce stress and a fear response
  • plays a role in emotional states and welfare
27
Q

in layers what colour length has a more stimulating effect

A
  • red
  • peak production is higher when using red light
28
Q

what are disadvantaged when using red light in layers

A
  • cant see blood or injuries as easily
29
Q

what are important qualities to have in light sources

A
  • quantity and quality (ability to distribute light to whole barn)
  • initial cost (LEDs may be expensive initially BUT, they will save money over time)
  • lifespand and durability (withstand the barn with minimal maintenance)
  • operating cost (efficiency) - cheap to run
  • opperating cost (efficieny - cheap to run)
  • dimmable (reduce intensity for bird agression quickly)
30
Q

what is photoperiodism and how is it implemented

A
  • daylight control
  • lengthening of days causes them to lay more eggs
31
Q

what are the three rules of length and distribution

A
  1. extend daylight
  2. dont shorten
  3. do this at particular ages
32
Q

how can you use photoperiods to control age

A
  • An intermediate age at sexual maturity is desired
  • timing is crucial - to early = smaller eggs, lower rate of lay, increased prolapse
  • to late, there is fewer days to collect and you dont get enough eggs
  • never increase length during brooding and rearing
33
Q

what should lighting be during brooding and rearing

A

16L : 8D - light for chicks
8L : 16D - bring into lay
- the large jump is to sexually mature birds

34
Q

how do you speed up sexual maturity in birds

A
  • increase photoperiod beyond critical
  • 12L-12D
  • never decrease photoperiod length
35
Q

what are the three rules of thumb with lighting

A
  1. never increase photoperiod length during brooding and rearing
  2. minimum of 12 hours of light is required for maximum stimulation ( easier in a commercial setting)
  3. never decrease photoperiod length during egg production
36
Q

what is the difference between controlled VS natural lighting

A
  • controlled : light traps fans and inlets (no external light)
  • natural lighting : must take into account natural light patterns (try to follow rules as closely as possible)
37
Q

what happens to broilers in dark light

A
  • reduces early growth but body weight and skeletal development may be equal or superior at older ages
  • can imporve feed efficiency : they eat alot more an hour before darkness, it sits in crop longer and breaksdown slower
  • improves bird health ( prevents heart attacks because of better development and slow growing)
38
Q

why does broiler develpment increase in darkness

A
  • physiological changes in darkness (tissue regeneration)
  • reduces early growth using extended darkness
  • increased exercise
39
Q

what are negatives of having broilers in darkness

A
  • decreases carcass yield
  • decrease proportion of breast meat
  • however it does increase leg porportions
40
Q

how does darkness imporve welfare

A
  • growth - slower growing but better development
  • mortality - better development or rest
  • skeletal health and bird morbility
  • increases activity and behaviour expression - play behaviour
41
Q

will darkness make birds more difficult to handle at market

A
  • makes them hard to catch
42
Q

what happened during 23 hours of light

A
  • less motivation
  • less natural behaviours
  • less feeding
43
Q

what happened to eyes in continuous light

A

disrupts diurnal growth pattern, resulting in larger misshappened eyes - skull doesnt grow
- may lead to glaucoma - in turkeys it damages optic nerve and they go blind

44
Q

what are positives of increasing darkness in broilers

A
  • improves body weight at age of marketing
  • imporves feed efficiency
  • reduces mortality
  • improves mobility
  • wider behaviousral expression
  • better diurnal rythms
  • better eye health
45
Q

what bird may not benefit from darkness

A
  • cornish game hens, becasue it slows early weight and they are already small birds
46
Q

what is the reccomeneded dark period

A

4 hours minimum but prefer 6-8

Poultry AnSc 440 (14 decks)

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