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Poultry AnSc 440 > Environment > Flashcards

Environment Flashcards

1
Q

what is a homeotherms

A
  • good ability to regulate body temperature
  • fully developed by 7 to 21 days
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2
Q

what is a brooding period

A

early part of life, lots of light and higer temps to help locate food and rediate body temperature

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3
Q

what is an adult chickens body temp

A

41.9 C

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4
Q

what is an adult turkey body temp

A

41.2C

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5
Q

what is a sensible direct heat loss

A
  • conduction = transfer of heat from molecule to molecule
  • convection = involves the movement of air
  • radiation = heat in the form of electromagnetic waves
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6
Q

how can you tell that a bird is overheating

A
  • the use of conduction
  • lean against wall to cool body temp
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7
Q

what is insensible heat loss

A
  • evaporative - by panting, moisture out through breath
  • in a hot/humid panting doesnt work
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8
Q

what is most important heat regulators in commercial settings

A
  • convection
  • conduction
  • radiation
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9
Q

what are different thermoregulation methods

A
  • behaviour = movement during hot/cold
  • ptiloerection = feathers fluffed up to keep warm air in
  • vasomotion = blood flowing into core and away from extremities (comb and feet loose colour)
  • shivering
  • ## panting
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10
Q

what is hypocapnia

A

deficiency of co2 in the blood leading to alkalosis
- could lead to dehydration, high blood pH, high body temp, nerve/muscle excitability

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11
Q

what is thermal polypnea

A

increased rate but decreased depth of respiration

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12
Q

where shoudl thermostats be located in a barn

A
  • floor level with the birds
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13
Q

what bird behaviours can be witnessed

A
  • huddling (individual and group) shivering, ptilo erection, panting and space distribution
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14
Q

why do we check chicks rectal temperature

A
  • if chicks are chilled on truck barn temps need to increase to compinsate
  • watch behaviour and adjust
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15
Q

what is the optimal laying temperature for laying hens

A

18.3-23 C
- to cold will drop egg production

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16
Q

how does temp effect laying hens

A

temp correlates to egg production and egg size and feed efficiency

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17
Q

what is common in brooding managment

A
  • use of brooder guards and attraction lights
  • incease number of feeders and waters
  • distribution of feeders and waterers
  • appropriate temperature and draft free
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18
Q

what are sources of moisture

A
  • respiratory evaporation ( panting mostly in hot temperatures, can be dependent on bird size # and type of birds)
  • poultry excreta ( 70-80% moisture) how much water is expected depends on how much fiber is digested
  • in coming air - illness
  • spillage - from drinkers
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19
Q

recommended humidity

A
  • 55-70% in older birds
  • could dehydrate younger birds
  • keep low for older birds to keep litter dry
  • dependent on watching birds - moister in air, cold or hot temps
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20
Q

what happens when the weather is cold

A
  • reduced ventilation, damp litter, increase ammonia, condensation
  • more energy to heat body and less growing
  • crowding
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21
Q

what happens when its hot and there is high humidity

A
  • panting doesnt work
  • ammonia formation - feces (nitrogen) + bacteria + heat
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22
Q

what removes ammonia

A

ventilation

23
Q

what happens with excess ventilation in low humidity

A
  • dusty - poor ventilation
  • poor feathering and growth (thermoregulation and skin protection)
24
Q

what happened in early brooding in low humidity

A
  • combination of winter brooding and weak chicks
  • starve outs
  • misting - humidifyers/ could get wet / litter gets too wet
25
Q

what gases are present

A
  • ammonia (NH3)
  • hydrogen sulfide (H2S, fuel burning), carbon dioxide (respiration)
  • carbon monoxide and methan
26
Q

what are the sources for gases

A
  • anaerobic degration og manure organics
  • animal respiration
  • fuel bruning heaters
27
Q

what are the dangers of ammonia

A
  • increased incidence of breast blisters, damaged feet ( foot pad dermatitis)
  • eye damage, puss leaking, eyes shut
  • can also effect respiration
28
Q

how can you test for ammonia poisoning

A
  • tube, colour compound will turn it into a different colour
29
Q

what is pododermatitis
what are the causes

A
  • foot pad lesions
  • will not move to feeders and drinkers
  • leads to lower productivity
    1 litter moisture
    2 ammonia
30
Q

what can ammonia do to respiration

A
  • burns the cilia off the trachea
  • then it goes straight into the lungs
  • increased susceptibility to respiratory disease
31
Q

what happens at 10 ppm

A

10ppm : over several weeks the respiratory tract of turkeys will receive some damage and interfere with the birds ability to clear bacteria out of its lungs

32
Q

what happens at 25 ppm

A
  • damage to the lungs and airsacs within 48 hours
  • bacteria and viruses can more easily invade lungs and airsacs
33
Q

what happens at 50 ppm

A
  • lung and airsac damage in 1-2 weeks
  • delayed sexual maturity (10 weeks )
  • egg numbers will decline in 1 month or less
34
Q

what happens at 100 ppm

A
  • feed intake and body weight will decline significantly over the course of the month
  • decrease shell thickness and egg size ( breaks and doesnt go to market)
  • increased mortality
35
Q

according to the codes of practice what is the maximum ppm

A

at 25 they have to bring down immediatly
- can do so by increasing ventilation

36
Q

do different litter types have different impacts

A

yes
- wood is good for moisture
- straw - not as good

37
Q

what are other gases found

A
  • hydrogen sulfide ( very dangerous, colorless, smells like rotten eggs, heavier then air)
  • carbon dioxide - respiration
  • carbon monoxide - fuel burning heaters
  • methane
38
Q

what causes dust

A
  • feed = mash more then pellets
  • litter = shavings vs straw
  • feathers and dander (skin scales) = dependent on birds
39
Q

what bird contributing factors cause dust

A
  • flight ability = dust goes everywhere
  • beahviours (dust bathing and foraging) = puffs air up , scratching moves litter and creates lots of dust
40
Q

how can you control dust

A
  • ventilation
  • misting - very fine water - but not too much or it creates foot pad lesions
41
Q

what detrimental effects can dust create

A
  • carrier of gases ( ammonia) = burns cilia of the throat and drips it into the lungs
  • vector of microbes
    direct damage to the lung and respiratory track
42
Q

what different space requirements are their

A
  • floor
  • feeder
  • waterer
  • head space
  • heater space
43
Q

what influences space factors

A
  • type of birds (size)
  • use of birds ( meat birds need more floor space then caged)
  • environtmental factors ( temperature and season - more space required in the summer)
  • quality of managment ( the better the barn the more birds)
  • linear additivity of concurrent stressors ( the more stressors the worse productivity
44
Q

effects of inadequate space

A
  • decreased performance
  • reduced uniformity
  • increased mortality(reduced immune function)
  • increased carcass defects
  • increased condemnations at processing (meat stocks)
  • decreased behavioural expressions
45
Q

what are the 4 establishing space requirments

A
  • economical
  • biological
  • affective state
  • natural living
46
Q

what is economical space requirement

A
  • space required to achieve maximum economic return
  • poor performance but still making money
47
Q

what is biological space requirenment

A
  • space required to achieve maximum productivity
  • growth
  • egg production
  • health (foot pad lesions), mortality, body and feather condition
48
Q

what is affective state requirement

A
  • how someone or somethign feels
  • prevention of suffering due to pain, fear and frustration as well as allowing birds to experience positive states
49
Q

what is natural living space requirement

A
  • not really used in commercial livestock
  • allows birds to perform basic body movements and comfort behaviour as well as unrestricted opportunities for nesting dustbathing pecking and scratching
50
Q

what should the spacing and height be of food and water

A
  • spread throughout if they are long distances they wont go
    height should be to the back of the bird
51
Q

what are the different feeders

A

tube feeder - has built in scale
line feeder - connected to ogger that pulls food into the tube

52
Q

what are the different drinkers

A

nipple - curious/ peck at it
bell drinker - causes spills and wet litter

53
Q

a producer calls you and asks you to help her with an issue in her broiler barn. She has found some blind birds, and has heard from her vet that lung infections are showing up on necropsy.

  • what is the primary cause ?
  • what should you suggest to the producer?
A

check photos for answers

Poultry AnSc 440 (19 decks)

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