Lifestyle and Career Development II Flashcards
When did lifestyle and career counseling become popular?
With the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement (around 1908)
Who is associated with the birth of the guidance movement and when?
Frank Parsons (1908)
How did Frank Parsons impact career counseling?
Started the Boston Vocation Bureau and wrote Choosing a Vocation which was published posthumously
What does John O. Crites say about the need for career counseling?
There is greater need for career counseling than there is for therapy.
How can career counseling be therapeutic?
Personal adjustments need to be made.
What is the glass ceiling phenomenon?
Suggests women are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work.
What is the lavender ceiling phenomenon?
Suggests LGBT individuals are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work.
What is a reentry woman?
A woman who has had to re-enter the workforce after being a homemaker.
What percentage of divorces occur in families with children?
75%
How do high school and junior high students feel about guidance in planning a career?
3/4 of 11th grade students wanted career guidance and nearly the same amount of 8th grade students wanted it.
When are a students career interests more stable?
After college
What percentage of college students have career difficulties?
50%
What minority group can especially benefit from career counseling in school and why?
African Americans because they have fewer positive work role models.
What percentage of individuals gets a job based on chance?
1 in 5
What percentage of workers would like more information on the world of work if they could do it over again?
60%
What does Victor Vroom’s expectency theory of motivation suggest?
An employee’s work performance is influenced by valence (will the work provide rewards?), expectancy ( What does the person feel he is capable of doing?), and instrumentality (will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward?)
How do dual-career families compare to single career families in income generally?
Generally the dual-career families have higher income.
What percentage of families are dual earners?
54% (compared to 20% in the 1950s)
How does a dual-career family affect when a woman has children?
Typically, the woman is secure in her career before having children.
How do vocational guidance and career counseling differ?
Vocational guidance is developmental and educational often inside a school setting while career counseling is a therapeutic service usually outside a school setting. (Not all tests will differentiate the two)
How does having a bachelors degree affect income in most cases?
Earn at least $10,000 a year more than someone with a high school diploma
What does the phrase “changing view of work” refer to?
In the past work was seen as drudgery, and now it is a way to express identity, status, and self-esteem.
What does the term leisure refer to?
The time the client has away from work not being used for obligations.
How does the amount of leisure time in single career families compare to the amount of leisure time in dual career families?
Single career families have more leisure time.
What law required equal pay and equal work opportunities for women and minorities?
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights act
What is the “80% Four-fifths rule”?
It is a hiring rate for hiring minorities. If the rate is less than 80%, an adverse impact is evident. (Example: 60 employees are Black, 80 are white…. 60/80=75%… adverse impact is evident)
What is the Trait-and-Factor theory?
psychological testing one’s personality could be matched to an occupation which stressed those particular personality traits (aka profile matching)
What is the first major and most durable theory of career choice?
Trait and factor theory
What is the Minnesota Viewpoint?
A theory of counseling which transcended vocational issues.
On what population are most career theories based?
Middle or Upper class white males who are heterosexual and not disabled.
Who is associated with trait and factor career counseling?
E.G. Williamson, C.F. Patterson, and Frank Parsons
What is differential psychology?
The study of individual differences?
Is the trait and factor model grounded in differential psychology?
Yes
What is the biggest criticism of the trait and factor model?
It is over simplistic and assumes there is a single job for the client’s entire life.
What does the phrase “fourth force in counseling” refer to?
Multiculturalism
What is third force psychology?
Humanistic approaches
What tests does the Minnesota Viewpoint use to get its data?
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
What tests would be favored by counselors who prefer a personality theory of career choice?
Meyers Brings Type Indicator (MBTI), Guilford-Zimmerman Temperment Survey (GZTS), the Adjective Checklist, BDI, and MMPI-2
Why is the personality theory of career choice not currently popular?
It is a “test-and-tell” paradigm.
What does the trait-and-factor approach not account for?
Individual changes throughout the life span.
What is Anne Roe’s personality approach to career choice based on?
The belief that a job satisfies unconscious needs
How is Anne Roe’s career choice theory organized?
Two-dimensional system of fields and levels
What are the eight fields in Anne Roe’s career choice theory?
Service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment
What are the six levels of occupational skill in Anne Roe’s career choice theory?
Professional and managerial 1, Professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled
What are the three basic parenting styles Anne Roe spoke of?
Overprotective, avoidant, and acceptant
How does the type of parenting style affect how the child relates with people?
The child will either gravitate towards or away from people depending on the parenting style.
How does Roe’s theory of career choice rely on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Lower order needs (such as safety) take precedence over higher order needs
What tests support Roe’s theory of career choice?
The Rorschach and the TAT
According to Anne Roe, how do genetics affect career choice?
Genetics help determine intelligence and educational ability which can influence career choice
What does the term career mean?
Lifetime positions plus leisure
What does occupation mean?
A string of similar jobs
What does the term job refer to?
A specific position within an organization.
What did Edwin Bordin argue about career choice?
Career choice could be used to resolve unconscious conflicts
Which defense mechanism did Brill emphasize?
Sublimation
Who’s work is the most popular approach to career counseling currently?
John Holland
What is Holland’s first assumption?
In our culture, there are 6 basic personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.
What are Holland’s 6 basic Personality types?
Artistic, Social, Realistic, investigative, Conventional, and enterprising. (Mneumonic AS RICE)
What is Holland’s second assumption?
Work environment’s correspond to the six personality types
What is Holland’s third assumption?
People search for an agreeable environment which lets them express their personality type
What is Holland’s fourth assumption?
The individual’s behavior is determined by an interaction between personality and the environment.
What test measures Holland’s 6 personality types?
Self-Directed Search
Roe, Brill and Holland are what kind of theorists?
Personality or structural
What did Holland believe about an individuals behavioral style (modal orientation)?
It doesn’t usually fit firmly into one personality type and instead can best be described by a distribution (like RSI… realistic, social, and investigative)
What did Holland believe about jobs and personalities?
Jobs will attract a people with similar personalities.
Who’s work is Hoppock’s theory based on?
Henry Murray
What did Henry Murray create?
The “needs-press” theory and the TAT.
How do developmental career theorists view career choice?
As an ongoing or longitudinal process.
Who were the first developmental career theorists?
Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma.
What does Ginzberg and his colleagues say about when career choice begins?
Career choices are reversible and are made throughout the client’s lifetime
What are the three stages of development which Ginzberg initially viewed as irreversible?
Fantasy (birth to age 11); Tentative (ages 11 to 17); Realistic (age 17 to early 20s)
Who is the most popular career theorist?
Donald Super
What is Donald Super’s career theory based on?
Self-concept
How many life stages does Donald Super’s theory emphasize?
Five
What are Donald Super’s Five life stages?
Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Decline
What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Growth Stage?
Birth to age 14
What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Exploration Stage?
15-24
What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Establishment Stage?
24-44
What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Maintenance Stage?
44-64
What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Decline Stage?
65+
What Mneumonic helps remember Donald Super’s growth stages?
GEE MD
What is Donald Super’s life-career rainbow?
The potential roles which a person can play as they advance through the 5 stages
How might career maturity be referred to on the exam?
Vocational maturity
Who’s work reflects career maturity?
John Crites
What did Nancy Schlossberg suggest about adult career development?
1) Behavior in the adult years is primarily determined by social factors; 2) Behavior is a function of one’s life stage or one’s age at other times; 3) Sex differences are more powerful than age/stage differences; 4) Adults continually experience transitions which require adaptation and self-assessment; 5) Identity, intimacy, and generativity and recurring themes in adulthood
Who proposed the decision-making theory which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment?
David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara
What is the decision-making theory?
A two-part process including an Anticipation stage and an implementation phase
What occurs in the anticipation stage of the decision-making theory?
The client imagines himself in a given career
What occurs in the implementation (aka accommodation or induction) stage of the decision-making theory?)
The client engages in reality testing regarding his expectations about the occupation.
What do all decision making theories have in common?
The individual has the power to choose from various career options.
What kind of approach did John Krumboltz take to career choice?
Social learning
On who’s work was John Krumboltz’s work based?
Albert Bandura
What theorists were social learning theorists?
Anita Mitchell, G. Brian Jones, John Kromboltz, and Albert Bandura
What did Albert Bandura’s theory argue?
People learn from the consequences of their own actions and by observing the consequences of others.
What is vicarious learning?
Learning by watching others?
What did Krumboltz believe about interests?
They are changeable and the result of learning.
What are two popular behavioral techniques in career counseling?
Realistic job preview and guided imagery
What is Realistic job preview?
A behavioral technique in which the client will contact someone who works in a specific job and interview that worker.
How does guided imagery work in career counseling?
The counselor has the client imagine a day working in the field in the job, perhaps even receiving accolades for performance.
What kind of model of career counseling is Krumboltz’s model?
A behavioristic model
What is a human capital theory?
Individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income.
What is the accident theory of career counseling?
Chance factors influence one’s career
What is the status attainment theory?
Child will eventually attain a job commensurate with his family status.
A site visit to a work setting would most likely be what kind of theorist’s intervention?
A behaviorist.
Who developed the decision approach to career counseling?
Harry Gelatt
The decision model refers to information as what?
The fuel of the decision.
How does the decision model organize information?
Three sections: predictive, value, and decision.
What is the predictive system concerned with in Getlatt’s decision model?
Probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities.
What is the value system in the Getlatt decision model concerned with?
Relative preferences regarding outcomes
What is job-netting?
Finding a job on the internet
What is the OOH according to career counselors?
Occupational Outlook Handbook
When was the OOH originally published?
1946
How often is the OOH revised?
Every 2 years
What does the OOH contain?
Salient details about the job including job training, and advancement opportunities
How many jobs did DOT list at its zenith?
30,000 job titles
What does O*NET stand for?
Occupational Information Network
What is O*Net?
Electronic replacement for DOT listing job titles
Jobs in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles have how many digits in their codes?
Nine
Where would a counselor looking for information about trends in the job market look?
OOH
What is underemployment?
Occurs when a worker is employed in a position below his skill level
How many job descriptions are in the OOH?
Approximately 800
Who’s work is the self-efficacy theory based on?
Albert Bandura
What does the self-efficacy theory say about career choice?
One’s belief or expectation of being successful in an occupation causes the individual to gravitate toward a particular occupation.
What is spillover in regards to an individual’s job?
A client enjoys what they do so much, they start to engage in similar activities during their leisure time.
What is the compensatory effect?
A worker makes up for things he can’t do on the job during their leisure time.
What is the Strong Interest Inventory based on?
John Holland’s theory
What does the Strong Interest Inventory evaluate?
Interests, not abilities.
What is the assumption of the Strong Interest Inventory (SCII)?
An individual will have satisfaction in a job with aligns with his interests.
How many items are in the Strong Interest Inventory?
291
Who administers and scores the Self-Directed Search?
The individual taking it
On who’s work is the Self-directed (SDS) search based?
John Holland
What does the Self-directed search yield?
Scores on the 6 personality types
What is a hidden job market?
Most jobs are not advertised
Who’s work is represented by a hexagon?
John Holland
What is the DAT?
Differential Aptitude Test
What is the DAT used for?
Help students decide whether to attend college and what areas they might excel most in.
What is the GATB?
General Aptitude Test Battery
What is the GATB used for?
Testing for government agencies
What is the difference between an aptitude test and an achievement test?
An aptitude test evaluates potential; an achievement test evaluates what you’ve learned.
What is a displaced homemaker?
A person who has to re-enter the workforce after their children are grown or a spouse has died or divorced.
What does occupational sex segregation suggest?
Female occupations pay less and lack the status of male occupations.
What is a dislocated worker?
This is the same as a displaced homemaker.
When does mid-life career change typically take place?
Ages 35-45
What is SIGI Plus?
System of Interactive Guidance and Information
What is the SIGI Plus test for?
Gives up-to-date information on colleges and graduate schools.
Who promoted the concept of job clubs?
Azrin and colleagues.
What is the purpose of job clubs?
Help client’s find job leads and network
