Human Growth and Development II Flashcards
What is a “holding environment”?
The ability of the client to make meaning in the face of a crisis and find new direction.
What is representational thought/object constancy?
the ability of the child to imagine an object in their mind.
When is the critical period for language acquisition?
Age 2-14
What is imprinting?
This occurs when young ones identify with a figure as their mother.
What does RS refer to in the counseling field?
Religion and Spirituality
In what stage does centration occur?
Preoperational
What can result from difficulties in the symbiotic relationship?
adult psychosis
What is the zone of proximal development?
the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher compared with capability with a teacher
What are Carl Jung’s Animus and Anima?
Male and Female archetypes for inherited unconscious factors.
Robert Kegan is well known in what area?
Adult cognitive development
What ages are associated with Piaget’s sensorimotor intelligence?
Birth to 2 years
What is stage 3 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?
Good boy/Good Girl Orientation (Level 2)
What is equilibration?
The balance between assimilation and accomodation
At what age do children develop stranger anxiety?
Age 8 months
What are critical periods in terms of development?
Periods of time in which certain behaviors must be learned or they will not be learned at all.
When did elementary school counseling and guidance services become popular?
The 1960s.
Secondary schools started around 1900s, but this was limited.
The concept of dualistic thinking is attributed to whom?
William Perry
Exposure to early violence, including TV violence, results in what?
Increased aggression
In what order do children master elements of conservation?
Mass –> Weight –> Volume
According to Freud, during what stage does attachment need to take place?
the oral stage
What does heritability mean?
The portion of a trait which can be attributed to genes.
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, how many stages of moral development are there?
Three: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional; however each is broken down into 2 more stages
Jean Piaget is well-known in what area?
Childhood cognitive development
What happens when development halts?
The client becomes fixated
Who was responsible for the work on imprinting?
Konrad Lorenz
What is a maturationist?
behavior is guided by hereditary factors but won’t manifest until prompted by stimuli in the environment
What is dualistic thinking?
The belief that things are either good or bad, right or wrong; black and white thinking.
Who is associated with learned helplessness?
Martin Seligman
Ego identity is what?
A term associated with Erikson’s 5th stage in which the person needs to integrade all of their previous roles to create their identity.
What did David Levinson’s research say about midlife crisis?
80% of men experience moderate to sever mid-life crisis and “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will be too late to make later changes.
During Piaget’s formal operation stage, children are able to do what?
Think abstractly and use deductive reasoning
What is senile psychosis?
hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders brought on by old age.
According to Piaget, what is conservation?
Conservation is the idea that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even when it changes shape.
What are fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli?
Ritualistic behaviors common to all members of a species.
What does the term epigenetic refer to?
This is a term borrowed from embryology and refers to each stage developing out of the previous stage.
What do stage theorists believe?
Qualitative changes occur between different life stages
What is sex role socialization?
Sex role socialization teaches children the traditional things which define differences in the sex roles
How does culture affect Piaget’s stages of development?
Culture may change the ages at which the child experiences the stages, but the stages occur in the same order.
What condition is learned helplessness associated with?
Depression
Do stage theorists believe each stage needs to be resolved before moving onto the next?
Each stage needs to be resolved in order for healthy development to occur.
When does marriage satisfaction decrease?
With parenthood
What drives the second level of Kohlberg’s morality: the conventional level?
Meet the standards of family, society, and nation.
What is stage 2 of Kohlberg’s moral development?
Native Hedonism (Level 1)
What is the visual cliff?
A measure of depth perception in children.
Why was Jean Piaget criticized about the development of his theory?
Piaget used his children as his subjects.
According to Mahler, what is symbiosis?
the child’s absolute dependence on the female caretaker
If the bond with an adult is severed at an early age, what is this called?
object loss
What age group most commonly shows dualistic thinking?
Teens
During what stage do children aquire the ability of symbolic schema?
Preoperational
In what stage does abstract reasoning take place?
formal operational stage
According to Erikson, when is the fear of death greatest?
Middle age
According to Bowlby, what age do children need to develop a bond with an adult by?
Age 3
What does Piaget think about lectures in schools?
They aren’t helpful; students learn by experience
Who is responsible for Object Loss?
Bowlby
How do organismic psychologists view development?
A series of qualitative strides
What is practical inteligence?
It is a term that sums up piaget’s sensorimotor stage.
What is Freud’s wish fulfillment?
Dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments.
During what stage do children master the concept of conservation?
Concrete operations (age 7 to 11)
The Harlow experiments with isolated monkeys during early development showed what?
The monkeys developed abnormally and appeared autistic
What ages are associated with Piaget’s formal operations stage?
Ages 12 and older
What did empiricism lead to?
Behaviorism
How does an organismic view development?
An individual’s actions are more important than the enviroment
When did secondary school counseling become popular?
1960s
Why is object loss important?
A child unable to form attachments by age 3 will have difficulties through adulthood (think hx of broken attachments)
What is the order of Mazlow’s needs from low order to high?
Survival, security, safety, love, self-esteem, self-actualization.
How was Jean Piaget trained before psychology?
He was a biologist.
During which of Piaget’s stages do children master reversibility?
Concrete operations
Object loss progresses through what stages?
Protest to despair to detachment.
What kind of psychologist is Erickson?
An ego psychologist
Who spoke of the holding environment in counseling?
Robert Kegan
At what age to children develop object permanence?
8 months
How many school counselors are there?
Over 100,000
What is stage 1 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?
Punishment/Obedience Orientation (Level 1)
Where does Freud say morality is derived from?
Superego
What is equilibration?
a balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and what is changed (accommodation)
A preschool child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. What is this called?
Animism
What is stage 5 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?
Democratically accepted law of “social contract”
What did Havinghurst say about middle age adults and generativity?
Middle age adults should achieve civic responsibility, maintain a home, guide adolescents, develop leizure, adjust to bodily changes, and learn to relate to a spouse (This is dated advice.)
What are “preconscious psychic processes”?
AKA foreconscious; this material is not known but can be recalled with psychoanalytic processes
What are three reasons for the slow development of elementary school counseling?
1) People believed teachers could double as counselors;
2) Counseling was seen as focusing on vocational issues
3) Secondary schools used social workers and psychologists when emotional problems were still an issue for older children
What does ethology refer to?
The study of animal behavior in their natural environment
What are Erik Erikson’s developmental stages called?
Psychosocial
What do ego psychologists believe?
Man has the power of reasoning to control their behavior.
Who is the only psychoanalyst who’s theory covers the whole lifespan?
Erik Erikson
What is stage 6 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?
Principles of self-conscience and universal ethics (level 3)
What is relativistic thinking?
The thinking that not every thing is right or wrong, but things are actually relative to the situation.
What is negative reinforcement?
The removal of a stimuli increases the probability that a behavior will occur.
What is stage 4 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?
Authority, law and order (level 2)
What is a “critical period”?
A period of time during development when imprinting is possible and when behavior must be learned or it won’t be learned.
Kolberg has __ stages of moral development and __ levels.
6 stages and 3 levels.
When did school counseling become mandatory?
1980s
What is the risky shift phenomenon?
a group decision is typically more liberal than the average individual’s decision prior to joining the group. (Joining a group makes people take more of a risk collectively.)
What are schemas?
The cognitive structures a child developes to deal with new information
Who is associated with proximal development?
Alfred Adler
How is anxiety different from phobia?
In anxiety, the client is unaware of the source of their fear.
What is learned helplessness?
a pattern in which people are exposed to situations in which they are powerless to change and then believe they have no control over their situations.
What term describes fetal development?
Cephalocaudal
What drives the third level of Kohlberg’s morality: the postconventional level?
universal, ethical prinicials of justice, dignity, and human rights.
What is positive psychology?
The study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, happiness, wisdom, and the ability to love.
Animism is most related to what stage?
Piaget’s preoperational stage
What is comparative psychology?
Research which studies animals but generalizes the results to humans.
What do behavioristic empiricists value?
statistical studies and the emphasis on the role of the environment
Who were Jean Piaget’s subjects?
His children: Lucienne, Laurent, and Jaqueline.
When is marriage satisfaction lowest?
immediately prior to a child leaving home
What does the abbreviation FAP mean?
Fixed action pattern
What does the concept of reversibility refer to as it relates to Piaget’s stages?
Reversibility refers to the ability to undo an action so an object can return to its original state. This is developed during the concrete operations stage.
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
Harry Harlow
What is hysteria?
The presence of an organic symptom (like blindness, deafness, or paralysis) in the absense of physiological causes
What is the result of “the primal scene”?
Neuroses in adulthood
What is anaclitic depression associated with?
difficulty developing close relationships
In what of Piaget’s stages is egocentrism common?
Preoperational stage
During what stage does a child develop object permanence and constancy of objects?
Sensorimotor
What is object permanence?
The ability of an infant to know that hidden objects still exist.
How did Seligman experiment with learned helplessness?
Dogs in electrified harnessess.
What does symbolic schema help with?
Language and symbolic play
Who believed humans were naturally aggressive?
Konrad Lorenz
What is positive reinforcement?
the addition of a stimulus increases or stregthens a behavior.
What drives the first level of Kohlberg’s morality: the preconventional/premoral level?
Reward and punishment.
At what age does Freud’s theory of development end?
Age 12 at the genital stage.
Who was responsible for the notion of schemas?
Piaget
According to empiricism, how is knowledge gained?
Experience
How do empiricists view development?
Merely quantitative changes.
What ages are typically assoiated with the concrete operations stage?
Ages 7 to 11
What ages are associated with Piaget’s preoperations stage?
Ages 2 to 7
What is “the primal scene” according to psychoanalytic theory?
A young child witnessing his parents having sex or being seduced by a parent. This may be real or imagined.
What is centration?
Centration occurs when the child focuses on one key aspect of an object instead of the whole thing.
When do children develop depth perception?
This is an inherent trait (they are born with it).
What is nosology?
A branch of medicine which deals in clasifying diseases.
What does Maslow’s heirarchy of needs postulate?
Certain needs such as safety and physiological needs are lower order (higher priority) and things like self-actualization are high order (lower priority)
What is BASIC-ID?
Its an acronym from Arnold Lazarus for multimodal counseling: Behavior, Affective responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationships, & Drugs
What is another word for Maslow’s higher-order needs?
metaneeds
What is the order of Jean Piaget’s stages?
Sensorimotor, preoporations, concrete operations, and formal operations.
In which of Piaget’s stages do children develop the ability for abstract thought?
Formal operations
What are Freud’s stages of development called?
Psychosexual
What is anaclitic depression?
children raised in institutions (especially between 6-8 months old) cry more, have more difficulty sleeping, and have more health problems.
How do maturationist counselors practice?
By allowing the client to work through earlier conflicts; think of a growing plant.
