Appraisal II Flashcards
Appraisal can be defined as
a. the process of assessing or estimating attributes
b. testing which always performed in a group setting
c. testing which is always performed in a single individual
d. a pencil and paper measurement of assessing attributes
a
A test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered a(n) _______ format.
a. subjective
b. objective
c. very precise
d. concise
a.
The National Counselor Exam (NCE) is a(n) ________ test because the scoring procedure is specific.
a. subjective
b. objective
c. projective.
d. subtest
b
A short answer test is a(n) _____ test.
a. objective
b. culture free
c. forced choice
d. free choice
d. free choice
The NCE is a(n) _____ test.
a. free choice
b. forced choice
c. projective
d. intelligence
b. forced choice
The ______ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly.
a. difficulty
b. critical
c. intelligence
d. personal
a.
Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called _______ items.
a. vague
b. subjective
c. recognition
d. numerical
c
A true/false test has ______ recognition items.
a. similar
b. free choice
c. dichotomous
d. no
c. two opposing choices
A test format could be normative or ipsative. In the normative format
a. each item depends on the item before it
b. each item depends on the item after it
c. the client must possess an IQ within the normal range
d. each item is independent of all other items
d. Ipasative measures compare traits within the same individual
A client who takes a normative test
a. cannot legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test
b. can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test
c. could not have taken an IQ test
d. could not have taken a personality test
b
In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that
a. an ipsative measure cannot be utilized for career guidance
b. you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test
c. an ipsative measure is never valid
d. an ipsative measure is never reliable
b
Tests are often classified as speed tests versus power tests. A timed typing test used to hire secretaries would be
a. a power test
b. neither a speed test nor a power test
c. a speed test
d. a fine example of an ipsative measure
c.
A counseling test consists of 300 forced response items. The person taking the test can take as long as he or she wants to answer the questions.
a. This is most likely a projective measure
b. This is most likely a speed test
c. This is most likely a power test
d. This is most likely an invalid measure
c.
An achievement test measures maximum performance while a personality test or interest inventory measures
a. typical performance
b. minimum performance
c. unconscious traits
d. self-esteem by always relying on a Q-Sort design
a.
In a spiral test
a. the items get progressively easier
b. the difficulty of the items remains constant
c. the client must answer each question in a specified period of time
d. the item get progressively more difficult
d.
In a cyclical test
a. the items get progressively easier
b. the difficulty of the items remain constant
c. you have several sections which are spiral in nature
d. the client must answer each question in a specified period of time
c
A test battery is considered
a. a horizontal test
b. a vertical test
c. a valid test
d. a reliable test
a. in a test battery, several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source
In a counseling research study two groups of subjects took a test with the same name. However, when they talked with each other they discovered that the questions were different. The researcher assured both groups that they were given the same test. How is this possible?
a. The researcher is not telling the truth. The groups could not possibly have taken the same test
b. The test was horizontal
c. The test was not a power test
d. The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test
d. parallel or equivalent forms - has same mean, standard error
The most critical factors in test selection are
a. the length of the test and the number of people who took the test in the norming process
b. horizontal versus vertical
c. validity and reliability
d. spiral versus cyclical format
c.
Which is more important, validity or reliability?
a. reliability
b. they are equally important
c. validity
d. it depends on the test in question
c.
In the field of testing, validity refers to
a. whether the test really measures what it purports to measure
b. whether the same test gives consistent measurement
c. the degree of cultural bias in a test
d. the fact that numerous tests measure the same traits
a
What are the five types of validity?
- Content
- Construct
- Concurrent
- Predictive
- Consequential
A counselor peruses a testing catalog in search of a test which will repeatedly give consistent results. The counselor
a. is interested in reliability
b. is interested in validity
c. is looking for information which is not available
d. is magnifying an unimportant issue
a
Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability?
a. a TAT, projective test popular with psychodynamic helpers
b. the WAIS-III, a popular IQ test
c. The MMPI-2, a popular personality test
d. a very accurate scale
d. physical measurements are more reliable than psychological ones
Construct validity refers to the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion. An example would be
a. height
b. weight
c. ego strength
d. the ability to name all men who have served as US presidents
c.
Face validity refers to the extent that a test
a. looks or appears to measure the intended attribute
b. measures a theoretical construct
c. appears to be constructed in an artistic fashion
d. can be compared to job performance
a
A job test which predicted future performance on a job very well would
a. have high criterion/predictive validity
b. have excellent face validity
c. have excellent construct validity
d. not have incremental validity or synthetic validity
a
A new IQ test which yielded results nearly identical to other standardized measures would be said to have
a. good concurrent validity
b. good face validity
c. superb internal consistency
d. all of the above
a.
When a counselor tells a client that the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) will predict her ability to handle graduate work, the counselor is referring to
a. good concurrent validity
b. construct validity
c. face validity
d. predictive validity
d.
A reliable test is _______ valid
a. always
b. 90%
c. not always
d. 80%
c.
A valid test is _______ reliable.
a. not always
b. always
c. never
d. 80%
b.
One method of testing reliability is to give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlates the scores. This is called
a. test-retest reliability
b. equivalent forms reliability
c. alternate forms reliability
d. the split-half method
a
One method of testing reliability is to give the same population alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument. This is known as
a. test-retest reliability
b. equivalent or alternate forms reliability
c. the split-half method
d. internal consistency
b.
A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor
a. used an invalid procedure to test reliability
b. was testing reliability via the split-half method
c. was testing reliability via the equivalent forms method
d. was testing reliability via the inter-rater method
b.
Which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems?
a. test-retest
b. alternate forms
c. split-half
d. interrater/interobserver
d.
A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates
a. a lot of variance in the test
b. a score with a high level of error
c. a perfect score which has no error
d. a typical correlation on most psychological and counseling tests
c.
An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability coefficient of
a. 50
b. .90
c. 1.00
d. -.90
b
A researcher working with a personality test discovers that the test has a reliability coefficient of .70 which is somewhat typical. This indicates that
a. 70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate
b. 30% of the people who are tested will receive accurate scores
c. 70% of the people who are tested will receive accurate scores
d. 30% of the score is accurate while 70% is inaccurate
a
A career counselor using a test for job selection purposes. An acceptable reliability coefficient would be ________ or higher.
a. .20
b. .55
c. .80
d. .70
c. 80% for jobs, schools, most psychological attributes
The same test is given to the same group of people using the test-retest reliability method. The correlation between the first and second administration is .70. The true variance (i.e. the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured in both) is
a. 70%
b. 100%
c. 50%
d. 49%
coefficient of determination - square the correlation
d. .49 = .7 x .7
IQ means
a. a query of intelligence
b. indication of intelligence
c. intelligence quotient
d. intelligence questions for test constructions
c. quotient is the result when you perform division - how you compare to those in your age group
______ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic.
a. Spearman
b. Guilford
c. Williamson
d. Francis Galton
d. Galton felt intelligence was a single or so-called unitary factor
Francis Galton felt intelligence was
a. a unitary faculty
b. best explained via a two factor theory
c. best explained via the person’s environment
d. fluid and crystallized in nature
a. Galton believed mental abilities were genetic and ran in families
J. P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He also is remembered for his
a. thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking
b. work on cognitive therapy
c. work on behavior therapy
d. work to create the first standardized IQ test
a. convergent thinking occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept
divergent thinking is the ability to generate a novel idea.
A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability (i.e., homogeneity) of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize
a. the split half method
b. the test-retest method
c. the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence
d. cross-validation
c. KR-20 or KR021 formulas
The first intelligence test was created by
a. David Wechsler
b. J.P. Guilford
c. Francis Galton
d. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
d.
Today, the Stanford-Binet IQ test is
a. a nonstandardized measure
b. a standardized measure
c. a projective measure
d. b and c
b.
IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is expressed by
a. CA/MA x 100
b. CA/MA x 50
c. MA/CA x 50
d. MA/CA x 100
d. ratio IQ
The Binet stressed age-related tasks. Utilizing this method, a 9 year old task would be one which
a. only a 10 year old child could answer
b. only an 8 year old child could answer
c. 50% of the 9 year olds could answer correctly
d. 75% of the 9 year olds could answer correctly
c.
Simon and Binet pioneered the first IQ test around 1905. The test was created to
a. assess high school seniors in America
b. assess US military recruits
c. discriminate normal form retarded Parisian children
d. measure genius in the college populations
c.
Today the Stanford-Binet is used from ages 2 to adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the
a. SAS
b. SUDS
c. entropy
d. ACPA
a. SAS stands for “standard age score”
Most experts would agree that the Wechsler IQ tests gained popularity, as the Binet
a. must be administered in a group
b. favored the geriatric population
c. didn’t seem to be the best test for adults
d. was biased toward women
c. Wechsler added performance skills, Binet was heavily focused on verbal skills
The best IQ test for a 22 year old single male would be the
a. WPPSI-III
b. WAIS-III
c. WISC-IV
d. computer-based testing
b. WAIS-III
ages 16+
The best intelligence test for a sixth-grade girl would be the
a. WPPSI-III
b. WAIS-III
c. WISC-IV
d. Merrill-Palmer
c. WISC-IV - ages 6-16
The best intelligence test for a kindergartner would be the
a. WPPSI-III
b. WAIS-III
c. WISC-IV
d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
a. WPPSI-III - ages 2-6
The Myers-Brigg Type Indicator is based on Carl Jung’s analytic psychology. The MBTI uses dichotomous types: extraversion versus introversion, sensing versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving. The test results in four letter type score such as ISFJ. What is ISFJ?
introversion, sensing, feeling, judging
The mean on the Wechsler and the Binet is _____ and the standard deviation is ______.
a. 100; 100
b. 100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Standford-Binet
c. 100; 20
d. 100; 1
b.
Group IQ tests like the Otis Lennon, the Lorge-Thorndike, and the California Test of Mental Abilities are popular in school settings. The advantage is that
a. group tests are quicker to administer
b. group tests are superior in terms of predicting school performance
c. group tests always have a higher degree of reliability
d. individual IQ tests are not appropriate for school children
a. group tests are less accurate and have lower reliability
The group IQ test movement began
a. in 1905
b. with the work of Binet
c. with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in WWI
d. with the AGCT in WWII
c
In a culture-fair test
a. items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture
b. the test is not standardized
c. culture-free items cannot be utilized
d. African Americans generally score higher than Whites
a.
The Black versus White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by
a. John Ertl
b. Raymond B. Cattell
c. Arthur Jensen
d. Robert Williams
c. Arthur Jensen - Blacks were bred for strength rather than intelligence
Who invented an electronic machine to analyze neural efficiency and take the place of the paper and pencil IQ test. EEG
a. John Ertl
b. Raymond B. Cattell
c. Arthur Jensen
d. Robert Williams
a. John Ertl
Who is responsible for the fluid (inherited neurological that decreases with age and is not very dependent on culture) and crystallized intelligence (intelligence from experiential, cultural, and educational interaction)?
a. John Ertl
b. Raymond B. Cattell
c. Arthur Jensen
d. Robert Williams
b. Raymond B. Cattell
Created the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity (BITCH) to demonstrate that Blacks often excelled when given a test laden with questions familiar to the Black community.
a. John Ertl
b. Raymond B. Cattell
c. Arthur Jensen
d. Robert Williams
d. Robert Williams
The MMPI-2 is
a. an IQ test
b. a neurological test
c. a projective personality test
d. a standardized personality test
d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 used since 1989
The word psychometric means
a. a form of measurement used by a neurologist
b. any form of mental testing
c. a mental trait which cannot be measured
d. the test relies on a summated or linear rating scale
b. focused on testing
In a projective test the client is shown
a. something which is highly reinforcing
b. something which is highly charged from an emotional standpoint
c. a and b
d. neutral stimuli
d. client will “project” his or her personality if given an unstructured task
The 16 PF reflects the work of
a. Raymond B. Cattell
b. Carl Jung
c. James McKeen Cattell
d. Oscar K. Buros
a. 16 personality factor questionnaire
The Myers-Brigg Type Indicator reflects the work of
a. Raymond B. Cattell
b. Carl Jung
c. William Glasser
d. Oscar K. Buros
b.
The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a
a. Rogerian
b. strict behaviorist
c. TA therapist
d. psychodynamic clinician
d. unconscious measures
An aptitude test is to ______ as an achievement test is to _____.
a. what has been learned; potential
b. potential; what has been learned
c. profit from learning; potential
d. a measurement of current skills; potential
b.
Both the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are projective tests. The Rorschach uses 10 inkblot cards while the TAT uses
a. a dozen inkblot cards
b. verbal and performance IQ scales
c. pictures
d. incomplete sentences
c. 30 pictures plus one blank card
Test bias primarily results from
a. a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients
b. the use of projective measures
c. using Whites to score the test
d. using IQ rather than personality tests
a.
A counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the
a. Bender Gestalt
b. Rorschach
c. MMPI
d. TAT
a. Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test - expressive projective measure - ability to discern whether brain damage is evident
An interest inventory would be least valid when used with
a. a first-year college student majoring in philosophy
b. a third-year college student majoring in physics
c. an eighth grade male with an IQ of 136
d. a 46 year old White male construction worker
c. interests become stable around age 25, for high school age or above
One major criticism of interest inventories is that
a. they have far too many questions
b. they are most appropriate for very young children
c. they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs
d. they favor female pursuits
c. interests and abilities are not highly correlated
Interest inventories are positive in the sense that
a. they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker
b. they are always graded by the test taker
c. they require little or no reading skills
d. they have high validity in nearly all age brackets
a. least threatening
A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of
a. ASGW
b. AMECD
c. NASW
d. AHEAD
b. Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development
The NCE is
a. an intelligence test
b. an aptitude test
c. a personality test
d. an achievement test
d.
The _____ are examples of aptitude tests.
a. GATB, the ONET Ability Profiler, and the MCAT
b. GZTS and the MMPI
c. CPI and the MMPI
d. Strong and the LSAT
a.
An aptitude test predicts future behavior while an achievement test measures what you have mastered or learned. In the case of a test like ______ the distinction is unclear.
a. Binet
b. Wechsler
c. GRE
d. Bender
c.
Your supervisor wants you to find a new personality test for your counseling agency. You should read
a. professional journals
b. the Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook
c. classic textbooks in the field as well as test materials produced by the testing company
d. all of the above
d.
The standard error of measurement tells you
a. how accurate or inaccurate a test score is
b. what population responds best to the test
c. the accuracy for personality but not IQ tests
d. the number of people used in norming the test
a
A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time
a. Tom will score between 100 and 103
b. Tom will score between 100 and 106
c. Tom will score between 103 and 109
d. Tom will score higher than Betty who scored 139
c
A counselor created an achievement test with a reliability coefficient of .82. The test is shortened since many clients felt it was too long. The counselor shortened the test but logically assumed that the reliability coefficient would now
a. be approximately .88
b. remain at .82
c. be at least 10 points higher or lower
d. be lower than .82
d. more is more reliable
A counselor can utilize psychological tests to help secure a _____ diagnosis if third party payments are necessary.
a. AACD
b. DSM or ICD
c. percentile
d. standard error
b.
A colleague of yours invents a new projective test. Seventeen counselors rated the same client using the measure and came up with nearly identical assessments. This would indicate
a. high validity
b. high reliability
c. excellent norming studies
d. culture fairness
b.
Counselors often shy away from self-reports since
a. clients often give inaccurate answers
b. ACA ethics do not allow them
c. clients need a very high IQ to understand them
d. they are generally very lengthy
a.
In most instances, who would be the best qualified to give the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
a. a counselor with NCC, NCCC after his or her name
b. a clinical psychologist
c. a D.O, psychiatrist
d. a social worker with ACSW after his or her name
b.
Your client, who is in an outpatient hospital program, is keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. This would be
a. an unethical practice based on NBCC ethical guidelines
b. considered a standardized test
c. an informal assessment technique
d. an aptitude measure
c.
You are uncertain whether a test is intended for the population served by your not-for-profit agency. The best method of researching this dilemma would be to
a. contact a local APA clinical psychology graduate program
b. make a long distance call to the person who created the test
c. read the test manual included with the test
d. give the test to six or more clients at random
c.
Clients should know that
a. validity is more important than reliability
b. projective tests favor psychodynamic theory
c. face validity is not that important
d. a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible
d.
One major testing trend is
a. computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations
b. more paper and pencil measures
c. to give school children at least three IQ tests per year
d. to train pastoral counselors to do projective testing
a
One future trend which seems contradictory is that some experts are pushing for
a. a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less
b. social workers to do most of the testing
c. psychiatrists to do most of the testing
d. counselors to ban all computer-assisted tests
a.
Most counselors would agree that
a. more preschool IQ testing is necessary
b. teachers need to give more personality tests
c. more public education is needed in the area of testing
d. the testing mystique has been beneficial to the general public
c.
_______ would be an informal method of appraisal
a. IQ testing
b. Standardized personality testing
c. GRE scores
d. A checklist
d.
The WAIS-III is given to 100,000 individuals in the US who are picked at random. A counselor would expect that
a. approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115
b. approximately 68% would score between 70 and 130
c. the mean IQ would be 112
d. 50% of those tested would score 112 or above
a.
A word association test would be an example of
a. a neuropsychological test
b. a motoric test
c. an achievement test
d. a projective test
d.
Infant IQ tests are
a. more reliable than those given later in life
b. more unreliable than those given later in life
c. not related to learning experiences
d. never used
b.
A good practice for counselors is to
a. always test the client yourself rather than referring the client for testing
b. never generalize on the basis of a single test score
c. stay away from culture-free tests
d. stay away from scoring the test yourself
b
You want to admit only 25% of all counselors to an advanced training program in psychodynamic group therapy. The item difficulty on the entrance exam for applicants would be best set at
a. 0.0
b. .5 regardless of the admission requirement
c. 1.0
d. .25
d.
According to Public Law 93-980, also known as the Buckley Amendment, a 19 year old college student attending college
a. could view her record, which included test data
b. could view her daughter’s infant IQ test given at preschool
c. could demand a correction she discovered while reading a file
d. all of the above
d.
Lewis Terman
a. constructed the Wechsler tests
b. constructed the initial Binet prior to 1910
c. constructed the Rorschach
d. Americanized the Binet
d.
In constructing a test you notice that all 75 people correctly answered item number 12. This gives you an item difficulty of
a. 1.2
b. .75
c. 1.0
d. 0.0
c. 1.0 easiest, 0.0 hardest
