Lifespan Development Flashcards
Adaptation
According to Piaget, cognitive development occurs when a state of disequilibrium brought on by a discrepancy between the person’s current understanding of the world and reality is resolved through adaptation, which entails two complementary processes: Assimilation and accomodation
Assimilation
One of Piaget’s processes of adaptation
The incorporation of new knowledge into existing cognitive schemas
Accomodation
One of Piaget’s processes of adaption
The modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge
Brofenbrenner described development as involving interactions between the individual and his/her context or environment, and his __________ model describes the context in terms of five environmental systems or levels.
ecological
The ____________ is the child’s immediate environment and includes face to face relationships within the home, school, and neighborhood.
microsystem
The _______________ refers to interactions between components of the microsystem, such as the influence of family factors on the child’s behavior in school.
mesosystem
The __________ consists of elements of the broader environment that affect the child’s immediate environment and includes the parents’ workplace, the school board, community agencies, local industry, and the mass media. a. each employee’s most prepotent need must be identtified
b. each employees level of “job maturity” must be identified
c. employees must be given a raise
d. employees must be given more individual responsibility and autonomy
exosystem
The ___________ is comprised of such overarching environmental influences as cultural beliefs and practices, economic conditions, and political ideologies.
macrosystem
The __________ consists of environmental events that occur over an individual’s lifespan and impact the individual in ways that depend on the individual’s circumstances and developmental stage (e.g., the immediate and long-term effects of a change in family structure or socioeconomic status).
chronosystem
Which of the following disorders is caused by the presence off an extra chromosome 21 and is characterized by mental retardation, retarded physical growth and motor development, distinctive physical features, and increased susceptibility to Alzheimer’s dementia, leukemia, and heart defects?
a. Klinefelter Syndrome
b. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
c. Down Syndrome
d. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
c
This is caused by an abnormality in the number of sex chromosomes, occurs in males, and is due to the presence of two or more X chromosomes along with a single Y chromosomes. A male with this disorder has a small penis and testes, develops breasts during puberty, has limited interrest in sexual activity, is often sterile, and may have learning disabilities.
Klinefelter Syndrome
This is caused by an abbnormality in the number of sex chromosomes, occurs in females and is caused by the presence of a single X chromosome. Females with this disorder are short in stature, have characteristic physical features (e.g. drooping eyelids, webbed neck), have retarded or absent develoopment of the secondary sex charactteristics and may exhibit cerrtain coggnitive deficits.
Turner Syndrome
______________ are substances that cause birth defects in the developing fetus and include drugs, chemicals, and certain maternal conditions.
Teratogens
While the central nervous system is vulnerable to the effects off teratogens throughout prenatal development, major damage is most likely to occur when exposure occurs between the beginning of the _______ week through the middle off the _______ week following conception.
third; sixth
During this stage of Piaget’s cognitive development, a child learns about objects and other people through the sensory information they provide (how they look, feel, and taste) ant the actions that can be performed on them (sucking, grasping, hitting, etc.). Piaget proposed that the predominant type of learning during this phase is the result of circular reactions, which are actions that are performed in order to reproduce events that initially occurred by chance.
Sensorimotor stage
Classical extinction occurs when:
a. the CS is repeatedly presented alone
b. the US is repeatedly presented alone
c. The US and CS are presented simultaneously
d. the CS is presented after the US
a. Extinction of a CR (conditioned response) occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US
- Dr. Dawg presents Stimulus A along with a loud noise so that eventually the research participant reacts with a startle reaction whenever Stimulus A is presented alone. Dr. Dawg then pairs Stimulus B with Stimulus A so that Stimulus B also elicits a startle reaction when presented alone. This procedure is an example of:
a. stimulus generalization
b. higher-order conditioning
c. response generalization
d. shaping
b. In this situation, a neutral (conditioned) stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that the former eventually elicits a conditioned response. This describes a type of classical conditioning known as higherr-order (second-order) conditioning.
What is the first stage of prenatal development?
First two weeks make up the germinal stage. During this stage, the fertilized egg is called a zygote
What is the second stage of prenatal development
The embryonic stage; beginning of the third week through the eight week
What is the last stage of prenatal development?
The fetal stage; begins at the onset of the ninth week and continues until birth
The risk for fetal alcohol syndrome is greatest and the symptoms most severe when:
the mother drinks heavily every day during pregnancy or engages in binge drinking in the early stages of pregnancy
genotype
a person’s genetic inheritance
phenotype
refers to a person’s observed characteristics, which are due to a combination of heredity and environment
critical period
a specific, predetermined period of time during biological maturation when an organism is particularly sensitive to certain stimuli that can have either a positive or negative impact on development