Learning Theory & Behavioral/Cognitive Behavioral Interventions Flashcards
What are some terms associated with Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov, Unconditioned stimulus/response, conditioned stimulus/response, classical extinction and spotaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, higher-order conditioning, blocking
Pavlov called the stimulus that naturally elicited salivation the ________________________ and salivation the _____________________; he labeled the neutral stimulus the __________________ and the salivation it produced after conditioning the __________________________.
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
When using the delay conditioning type of forward conditioning, which involves presenting the CS so that it precedes and overlaps presentation of the US, which of the following statements is most accurate:
a. The optimal time interval between the onset of the CS and the US is the same regardless of the target response
b. The most effective interval is about 1 second
c. Delay conditioning is the most efficient procedure for establishing a conditioned response.
d. The most effective interval is about 2 seconds
c. The optimal time interval between the onset of the CS and the US depends on the nature of the target response, but generally, the most effective interval is about 0.5 seconds. Delay conditioning is the most efficient procedure for establishing a conditioned response.
This type of forward conditioning entails presenting and terminating the CS prior to presenting the US:
a. Delay conditioning
b. Trace conditioning
c. Simultaneous conditioning
d. Backward conditioning
b. Also, trace conditioning produces a weaker CR than does delay conditioning
This type of conditioning entails presenting the US prior to the CS. It does not usually produce a conditioned response:
a. Delay conditioning
b. Trace conditioning
c. Simultaneous conditioning
d. Backward conditioning
d
Which of the following is true regarding the number of conditioning trials in classical conditioning?
a. The greater the number of conditioning trials, the stronger and more persistent the CR
b. The greater the number of conditioning trials, the weaker and less persistent the CR
c. There is no relationship between the strength and persistence of the CR and the number of conditioning trials
d. Regardless of the number of trials, the UR is usually weaker in intensity or magnitude than the CR
a; b and c are completely false and d is reversed
Repeated exposure to the ___ or to the intended ___ before the ___ and ____ are paired slows down acquisition of the ____CR
US; CS; CS; US; CR
What is the term for the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response as the result of repeated presentation of the CS alone?
a. Stimulus generalization
b. Spontaneous recovery
c. Stimulus discrimination
d. Classical extinction
d
This term in classical conditioning that demonstrates that a conditioned response is suppressed rather than eliminated by extinction trials:
a. Stimulus generalization
b. Spontaneous recovery
c. Stimulus discrimination
d. Classical extinction
b
This classical conditioning term is used to describe the phenomenon that an experimental subject responds with a conditioned response not only to the CS but also to stimuli that are similar to the CS.
a. Stimulus generalization
b. Spontaneous recovery
c. Stimulus discrimination
d. Classical extinction
a
This classical conditioning term is the opposite of stimulus generalization and refers to the ability to distinguish between the CS and similar stimuli and respond only to the CS with a CR.
a. Experimental neurosis
b. Spontaneous recovery
c. Stimulus discrimination
d. Classical extinction
c
This classical conditioning term occurs when a previously established CS serves as a US to establish a conditioned response for a new conditioned stimulus – i.e., the new neutral stimulus is paired with the established CS so that, eventually, the new neutral stimulus produces a conditioned response:
a. Experimental neurosis
b. Spontaneous recovery
c. Stimulus discrimination
d. Higher-order conditioning
d
_____________ occurs when an association has been made between a CS and US, and the CS and a second neutral stimulus are then presented together prior to the US. In this situation. the second neutral stimulus does not produce a CR.
a. Overshadowing
b. Spontaneous recovery
c. Blocking
d. Classical extinction
c
____________ occurs when two neutral stimuli (rather than a CS and a new neutral stimulus) are repeatedly presented together prior to the US. Subsequently, presentation of the two stimuli together produces a CR, but when the two stimuli are presented separately, only one produces the CR.
a. Overshadowing
b. Spontaneous recovery
c. Blocking
d. Classical extinction
a
Behavioral techniques utilizing _________________ eliminate a maladaptive behavior by pairing a stimulus (CS) associated with that behavior with a stimulus (US) that naturally elicits and incompatible behavior so that the maladaptive behavior is replaced by the incompatible behavior.
a. Overshadowing
b. Counterconditioning
c. Blocking
d. Classical extinction
b. counterconditioning
When using this intervention based on classical conditioning, hierarchically-arranged anxiety-evoking events are paired with relaxation to eliminate anxiety:
a. Counterconditioning
b. Blocking
c. Systematic desensitization
d. Dismantling strategy
c
Research has found that sex therapy is most effective for treating ____________ and ____________.
premature ejaculation; vaginismus
When using ___________________, the maladaptive behavior or a stimulus associated with it (CS) is paired with a stimulus (US) that naturally evokes pain or other unpleasant response. As a result, the maladaptive behavior and stimuli related to it are avoided because they elicit an undesirable response (CR).
a. Counterconditioning
b. Blocking
c. Systematic desensitization
d. Aversive counterconditioning
d
This type of aversive counterconditioning technique is used to treat drug and alcohol addictions, paraphilias, and self-injurious behaviors. When using this technique, the target behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus such as electric shock, noxious odor, or emetic drug.
a. Covert sensitization
b. Blocking
c. Systematic desensitization
d. In vivo aversion therapy
d
Which of the following is not true regarding aversion therapy:
a. It has been found to be moderately effective initially for some patients and some problems (especially cigarette smoking)
b. It has low relapse rates and good generalizability
c. It is most successful when the aversive stimulus or its consequence is similar to the target behavior
d. It is more effective when it’s supplemented by booster sessions or is treated by combining aversion therapy and other techniques that help strengthen more appropriate responses
b
When using _____________ to eliminate a maladaptive behavior, the client imagines engaging in the maladaptive behavior and then imagines (rather than actually confronts) an aversive stimulus.
a. covert sensitization
b. in vivo aversion therapy
c. systematic desensitization
d. flooding
a
To reduce cigarette smoking, a therapist might instruct the client to imagine smoking a cigarette and then visualize becoming nauseated by the cigarette, throwing up on the floor and on him/herself, becoming embarrassed, etc. This is an example of what type of intervention:
a. In vivo aversion therapy
b. Covert sensitization
c. Reciprocal inhibition
d. Systematic desensitization
b
When using this type of intervention, the client is exposed in “real life” to anxiety-arousing stimuli for a prolonged period of time and is prohibited from making his/her usual avoidance or other anxiety/reducing response.
a. Implosive therapy
b. EMDR
c. In vivo exposure with response prevention
d. Covert sensitization
c
This is an example of in vivo exposure with response prevention and involves exposure to the most anxiety or fear arousing stimuli for a prolongued period of time:
a. In vivo exposure with response prevention
b. Systematic desensitization
c. Covert sensitization
d. Flooding
d