Lifespan 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is childhood realism?

A

Children in early stages of moral development believe that rules are absolute and cannot be changed

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2
Q

What is dual representation?

A

The ability to think about a representation in two different ways at the same time

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3
Q

What is dual representation important for?

A

Problem solving and understanding meaning

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4
Q

What is executive cognition?

A

Higher level cognitive skills that control and coordinate other cognitive abilities and behaviours

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5
Q

What is false belief?

A

The ability to understand that others may have different beliefs and act on them, even if those beliefs are incorrect

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6
Q

Define mental states

A

A person’s state of mind, which can include their beliefs, intentions, emotions, perceptions and more

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7
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

The ability to infer mental states, thoughts and feelings to oneself and others
-understandings that shape behaviour
-interpreting feelings, thoughts, intentions, desires and beliefs
-understanding that others’ beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions and thoughts might be different from one’s own

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8
Q

What is violation of expectations?

A

Showing that events are either consistent or inconsistent with expectations

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9
Q

What did DeLoach do?

A

An experiment with a small dollhouse room that was representative of the room they were in. Then she would hide an object somewhere in the dollhouse room. She would then ask the child to find the larger version of the object she hid in the room that was represented in the model

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10
Q

What were the findings?

A

3 year old children could find the larger object but 2.5 year olds couldn’t. She hypothesised that this was because the room was so interesting in itself.

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11
Q

What happened in the DeLoach experiment 10 years later?

A

There was a ‘shrinking machine’ that made it look as though the room had shrunk. The object would be hidden and then the ‘shrinking machine’ would shrink the whole room. 2.5 years olds were able to find the object

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12
Q

Why could 2.5 year olds find the object when the room had shrunk?

A

Because the scale room model was actually the original room in their minds. Children no longer had to simultaneously represent the scale model as an interesting object and symbol for something else. Simply, there was no need for dual representation

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13
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

The tendency of children to believe that other people view the world from their perspective

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14
Q

What is the three mountain task?

A

Done by Piaget to assess egocentrism. There were three model mountains of different sizes with different landmarks. The child had to walk around the table to view the different mountains and then sit opposite a doll. The child then had to identify photographs showing the model from the perspective of the doll. Most children failed the task

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15
Q

Who came up with level one perspective taking?

A

Flavel

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16
Q

What is level a perspective taking?

A

What we see is different

17
Q

What is L2?

A

How we see the same thing varies

18
Q

Moll and Tomasello did what?

A

Hid 2 toys. Then the experimenter entered the room with the child to find the toys. There was one hidden toy from the experimenter. The experimenter looks at both locations if the toys and asks for them. Will the child give both toys to the investigator?

19
Q

What were the results?

A

2 year olds are handling the toys based on the request. In other words, L1 is emerging at 2 years but but as demanding as L2

20
Q

What did Moll and Meltzoff do regarding L2?

A

Colour task with toys and filters. The experimenter has a blue filter for one toy and will ask for a coloured toy: one from a filtered perspective or from an unfiltered perspective. Will the child give them the toy?

21
Q

What were the results of the colour test?

A

3 year olds were successful

22
Q

What did Trevarthen argue?

A

Primary intersubjectivity- sense of others being presence is from birth

23
Q

What did Baillargeon argue?

A

‘Mentalistic’ cognition of infants- representations of others hardwired

24
Q

What are mental states biased towards?

A

Cartesian ontology

25
Q

What is Cartesian oncology?

A

The mind being wholly separate from the corporeal body

26
Q

Name an experiment used to indicate children’s theory of mind

A

Maxi task

27
Q

Who did the maxi task?

A

Simmer and perner

28
Q

What was the maxi task?

A

Children were shown that max chocolate in a green cupboard and then goes out to play football. His mother moves his chocolate to the blue cupboard. Then she goes outside and Max goes inside for his chocolate. Where will Max look for chocolate?

29
Q

What were the passing rates for age groups?

A

3-4 year olds- 0%
4-6 year olds- 57%
6-9 year olds- 89%

30
Q

Another example of research of theory of mind?

A

Smarties task

31
Q

What is Wellman’s theory of mind?

A

children move from reasoning to desire to and understanding of belief reasoning at 3-4 years

32
Q

What is Perner’s Theory of mind?

A

That children move from mental states as concepts that from a mentalistic understanding (ones that simply predict other peoples’ behaviour) to an understanding of concepts as ‘representing’ beliefs etc

33
Q

Name a nativist?

A

Renee Baillargeon

34
Q

What was her mentalistic understanding?

A

Emphasises how rich infant cognition is, using evidence that infants can grasp motivations of others and hold knowledge about what others know, and make inferences than predict other people’s actions.

35
Q

What is mentalistic interpretation?

A

It assumes mental states are adaptive and hard wired into infant cognition but they cannot be expressed

36
Q

Name examples of executive cognition tasks? (False belief)

A

Day/Night task and the Sally-Anne task

37
Q

Is inhibitory control associated with theory of mind?

A

Yes

38
Q

What are the active processes involved in executive cognition?

A

-cognitive inhibition
-response inhibition
-working memory