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Lifespan > Lifespan 9 > Flashcards

Lifespan 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘attachment’

A

-A feeling of love for somebody or something
-a strong need for proximity and connection to a primary caregiver
-affectionate tie that one person forms to another specific individual

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2
Q

What are three things associated with disorganised attachment?

A

-Inconsistent patterns in behaviour (e.g. clinginess vs not apathy)
-contradictory behaviours and emotions
-don’t seek attention from a caregiver

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3
Q

Who is disorganised attachment seen in?

A

In children with trauma or inconsistent caregiving

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4
Q

What did Harry Harlow do?

A

He completed research in maternal deprivation and social isolation

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5
Q

What were Harry Harlow’s findings?

A

There is more to attachment than the need to be fed

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6
Q

What is innate primary drive?

A

Promotion of survival- infants form attachment because they have a drive for survival (being fed)

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7
Q

Describe insecure ambivalent or resistant attachment (type c)

A

-upset or anxious when caregiver is not near/in sight
-not easily comforted
-distressed at appearance of stranger

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8
Q

Describe traits associated with insecure anxious attachment or avoiding (type a)

A

-children do not become distressed when carer is not near
-freely explore environment
-easily comforted by stranger

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9
Q

What is internal working model of attachment?

A

A mental framework that people develop based on their early experiences with caregivers

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10
Q

What did John Bowlby theorise?

A

-The four stages of attachment
-ecological theory of behaviour
-attachment is an innate primary drive promoting survival of the infant

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11
Q

What did Mary Ainsworth do?

A

Created the strange situation

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12
Q

What did the strange situation come up with?

A

Categories of attachment

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13
Q

What were the categories of attachment?

A

-secure
-insecure (avoidant/anxious)
-insecure (ambivalent/resistant)

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14
Q

Describe an experiment used to look at attachment

A

The Rhesus Monkey experiment:
-monkeys were given two ‘mothers’: a wire mother and a cloth mother

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15
Q

What were the observations from the Rhesus Monkey experiment?

A

-the monkeys used the wire mother for feeding
-the monkeys used the cloth mother for comfort

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16
Q

What were the conclusions of the Rhesus Monkey experiment?

A

-concluded there is more to attachment than simply being fed
-monkeys lacked social skills having been isolated from their mothers

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17
Q

Describe secure attachment (type b)

A

-children use caregivers as a safe base
-explore the environment confidently knowing the carer is near
-become upset when caregiver is not near or leaves the room
-seeks comfort from the caregiver

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18
Q

How many stages of attachment did Bowlby describe?

A

4

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19
Q

What age does the first stage span from?

A

0-2 months

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20
Q

What is the first stage of Bowlby’s attachment?

A

Pre attachment:
-not able to recognise people around them

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21
Q

What age range does the second stage of attachment span from?

A

2-7 months

22
Q

Describe the second stage

A

Attachment formation:
Attachments start to form and anxiety around strangers begins

23
Q

What age range does the third stage span from?

A

7 months to 2 years

24
Q

Describe the third stage

A

Clear cut attachment:
heightened attachment and separation anxiety

25
Q

What age range does the fourth and final stage span?

A

2 years+

26
Q

Describe what happens in the final stage

A

Decline in attachment:
Understand needs of caregivers’ divided attention more comfortable being separated from caregivers

27
Q

What is the strange situation?

A

-coined by Mary Ainsworth for detection attachment styles
-observed attachment and security and concluded 3 attachment styles

28
Q

What did Rene Spitz do?

A

She studied children isolated after WW2 raised in institutions

29
Q

What did Spitz conclude?

A

Children experienced stunted development resulting from maternal separation

30
Q

What do psychoanalysts conclude about feeding and attachment?

A

Infant feeding is at the centre of

31
Q

What do behaviourists say about feeding and attachment?

A

Attachment is a secondary drive

32
Q

What experiment did Harry Harlow do?

A

The Rhesus Monkey experiment

33
Q

Were the monkeys able to regain social skills?

A

Yes, if they were re-introduced to social environments before 6 months

34
Q

What does this infer?

A

That there is a sensitive period for attachment

35
Q

Describe three criticisms of Harlow’s experiments

A

-ethical concerns and impacts on animal welfare
-ecological validity (unnatural environment)
-limited applicability to humans

36
Q

Describe development in terms of plasticity

A

Development has plasticity

37
Q

How do we suppose development is plastic?

A

Romanian children raised in neglected orphanages when adopted before 6 months demonstrated better recovery

38
Q

What is important to think about in terms of attachment?

A

Different cultural approaches e.g. German mothers vs Japanese mothers

39
Q

What is hypothesised to be a reason for reduced worries about separation and stranger anxiety?

A

Children becoming more independent and recognising needs of caregivers

40
Q

What is the preschool attachment classification system?

A

Children experience brief episodes of separation and reunion with their caregivers and researchers rate behaviours

41
Q

What is attachment q-sort?

A

Caregivers or researchers sort cards describing child attachment-related behaviours, based on the degree to which the child matches the description

42
Q

What does secure connections with parents lead to?

A

Positive psychological and behavioural adjustment

43
Q

What can insecure and disorganised attachment with parents lead to?

A

Internalising and externalising problems

44
Q

What do parent representations of attachment explain?

A

The relationship they form with their own children

45
Q

What can autonomous lead to?

A

Secure

46
Q

What can dismissive lead to?

A

Avoidant

47
Q

What can preoccupied lead to?

A

Anxious

48
Q

What can unresolved lead to?

A

Disorganised

49
Q

When can attachment styles become insecure?

A

When a child experiences negative life events

50
Q

What can infant-parent attachment influence?

A

Both peer and romantic relationships

Lifespan (6 decks)

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