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Lifespan > Lifespan 4 > Flashcards

Lifespan 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the constructivist theory of development?

A

-children play an active role in learning (they construct their understanding of the world)
-knowledge is organised in schemas (units continuously confirmed as the child interacts with the world)

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2
Q

What is the duration of the sensorimotor stage?

A

24 months

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3
Q

How many sub stages are in the sensorimotor stage?

A

Six

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4
Q

What are the schemas in the sensorimotor stage limited to?

A

Sensory experiences and motor actions in the first 18 months

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5
Q

What do the six sub stages of the sensorimotor stage consist of?

A

-reflexes
-Primary circular reactions
-secondary circular reactions
-coordination of secondary circular reactions
-tertiary circular reactions
-mental representation

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6
Q

When is the duration of the reflexes stage?

A

0-1 month

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7
Q

When is the duration of the primary circular reactions?

A

1-4 months

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8
Q

When is the secondary circular reactions duration?

A

4-8 months

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9
Q

When is the duration of the coordination of secondary circular reactions?

A

8-12 months

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10
Q

When is the duration of the tertiary circular reactions?

A

12-18 months

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11
Q

When is the duration of mental representation?

A

18-24 months

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12
Q

Describe what happens during the reflex stage (0-1 month)

A

Reflexive responses and spontaneous movements (including sucking, grasping, kicking, waving arms etc)

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13
Q

Describe what happens during the primary circular reactions stage (1-4 months)

A

Actions are combined into simple recurring behaviours e.g. kicking legs repeatedly, sucking thumb. Centred around the immediate environment of the body. Simple motor habits form

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14
Q

Describe what happens during the secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)

A

Actions extended to objects. Infants enjoy watching the effects of their actions (e.g. bashing a mobile). Connections formed between own actions and consequences in the world

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15
Q

Describe what happens in the coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months)

A

Actions appear goal directed and intentional. Several actions combined to achieve a goal. Means end and analysis, essential for problem solving

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16
Q

Describe tertiary circular reactions stage (12-18 months)

A

Capable of new/unfamiliar solutions to problems, often through trial and error

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17
Q

Describe the events of the mental representation stage (18-24 months)

A

Achievement of mental representation. Toddlers can now hold and manipulate objects in mind and think of solutions to problems and ways to achieve a goal

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18
Q

What three things does mental representation enable in terms of cognitive abilities?

A

Deferred imitation, language and symbolic play and object permanence

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19
Q

What is deferred imitation as observed as a new cognitive ability in the mental representation stage?

A

Imitating another person’s actions hours or days later (requires memory recall)

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20
Q

What is language and symbolic play as seen as a newly gained cognitive ability through mental representation?

A

Use of symbols to represent objects and events experienced in the past

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21
Q

What is object permanence as a newly gained cognitive ability in the mental stage of the sensorimotor stage?

A

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen or perceived

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22
Q

In terms of object permanence, what did Piaget observe?

A

That infants search for a fully hidden object by AROUND 8 months

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23
Q

Was object permanence complete by 8 months?

A

No, because infants between 8 and 12 months continued to search the first location for the toy when it was moved to a new location

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24
Q

What is a test that observes children’s object permanence?

A

The A-not-B Task

25
Q

Who did the A-Not-B Task?

A

Fiske & Holmboe, 2019

26
Q

What are the three views that are opposed to Piaget?

A

The nativist view, the developmental systems view, and the information processing view

27
Q

What do nativists say about Piaget’s assumption?

A

That babies are capable of mental representation much earlier than assumed by Piaget

28
Q

What does the developmental systems view say about Piaget’s assumptions?

A

That Piaget focuses too much on mental representation rather than considering contextual in-the-moment influences

29
Q

What does the information processing view say to challenge Piaget?

A

Change in cognitive skills happens gradually, not in abrupt qualitatively different stages. Focus on gradual change in key cognitive skills

30
Q

What do nativists believe about babies?

A

That they are born with core capacities that help them learn and make sense of the world

31
Q

What is the violation-of-expectation paradigm?

A

How the infant looks is a window into their cognitive capabilities. Is tested by possible and impossible events (e.g. screen moving, carrots etc). If babies look surprised by the object disappearing they will look longer at it

32
Q

What else do nativists propose in addition to object permanence?

A

That babies have a principle of persistence

33
Q

What is principle of persistence?

A

That physical objects retain their properties

34
Q

What test can be used to observe object persistence?

A

The disappearing carrot top experiment

35
Q

How have nativists proven their challenged claims against Piaget?

A

The violation of expectation experiments that highlights infants having an understanding of object permanence and object persistence

36
Q

What are the challenges to nativism?

A

-they overestimate babies’ abilities
-they rely too much on looking time studies- perceptual features could explain results
-even young infants have much experience with the world

37
Q

What is the dynamic systems view?

A

-rejection of top-down mental schema determining what infants understand
-many factors determine an infant’s performance on a task in any given moment

38
Q

What is the information processing perspective?

A

-children are active in learning
-there is a gradual growth in knowledge (not stages) by development of core skills such as attention and memory

39
Q

What are the phases of attention?

A

-automatic response
-orientation
-sustained attention
-attention termination

40
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Directing attention to relevant stimuli in the environment while ignoring irrelevant information

41
Q

What are external influences?

A

Stimulus salience (e.g. brightness)

42
Q

What is the intersensory redundancy hypothesis?

A

Multimodal stimuli lead to increased attention and results in more learning

43
Q

What does internal control of attention state?

A

That young infants struggle to control their attention but improve with age

44
Q

What is habituation?

A

The same visual stimulus is presented until the baby stops looking at it. Decreased looking indicates that the stimulus has been fully processed

45
Q

What is habituation rate?

A

How quickly infants habituate; a measure of processing speed

46
Q

What is Novelty preference?

A

Rebound of attention when a new stimulus is introduced after habituation. Novelty preference indicates that infants can discriminate/recognise stimuli

47
Q

What are the three methods to study infant memory?

A

-habituation-recovery studies
-conjugate mobile experiments
-deferred imitation tasks

48
Q

Who did the conjugate mobile experiment?

A

Rovee-Collier and colleagues

49
Q

What was the conjugate mobile experiment?

A

A ribbon was tied to a baby’s foot and the baby would kick to make the mobile move

50
Q

What were the conditions of the experiment?

A

The baby was placed in the same cot hours, days, or weeks later. The infant would kick without the ribbon, showing that they remembered

51
Q

What were the findings of the conjugate mobile experiment?

A

Memory for the connection between kicking and mobile movement increased with age

52
Q

What is social cognition?

A

how children process, store, and apply information about people and social situations

53
Q

What two things does social cognition aim to understand?

A

Understanding others’ attention and understanding others’ actions, knowledge and beliefs

54
Q

Which months see infants starting to follow peoples’ gaze?

A

3-6 months

55
Q

What happens during 9-10 months?

A

Infants respond to other people’s shifts in gaze, head turns and pointing by looking at specific objects/events

56
Q

What happens from 12 months?

A

Infants engage in joint attention

57
Q

What is joint attention?

A

Sharing of attention to the same objects and events

58
Q

What is cognitive flexibility?

A

The ability to think about multiple concepts at once or switch between different concepts

59
Q

Toddlers’ imitation is what?

A

Inherently social

Lifespan (6 decks)

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