Life Sciences Flashcards
_______ compounds are those that contain carbon.
organic
_______ compounds are those that do not contain carbon.
inorganic
______, also called sugars, are molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
carbohydrates
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
An example of a monosaccharide is ______.
glucose
When simple sugars like glucose bond together, or when monosaccharides for together, they form polymers called ________.
polysaccharides
What are two examples of polymers of glucose?
starch; cellulose
______ are compounds primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen with only a small percentage of oxygen.
lipids
The head of a lipid is formed of ______ or ______, and the tail is formed from _______ _____.
glycerol; phosphate; hydrocarbon chain
The head of a lipid is ______, meaning it is hydrophilic.
polar
The tail of lipid is ______, meaning it is hydrophobic.
nonpolar
The ________ of a lipid describes the number of double bonds in the tail of the lipid.
saturation
The more double bonds a lipid tail has, the more ______ the molecule is.
unsaturated
Unsaturated fats are _____ at room temp; Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature.
liquid; solid
Proteins are composed of ______ _____.
amino acids
The sequence of amino acids in the chain determine the protein’s ______ and _____.
structure and function
What 3 parts make up an amino acid?
amino group
carboxyl group
R group
Which part of the amino acid differs for each amino acid?
The R group
How many amino acids are used to produce proteins?
22
______ _______ store all the information necessary to produce proteins. This includes DNA and RNA
nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are composed of smaller molecules called _________.
nucleotides
What 4 nucleotides is DNA made from?
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
What are the purines of DNA?
adenine
guanine
What are the pyrimidines of DNA?
thymine
cytosine
Adenine bonds with _______; guanine bonds with ______.
thymine; cytosine
In RNA, thymine is replaced by what nucleotide? What does it bond with in DNA?
uracil; adenine
RNA exists as a ______ strand; DNA exists as a ______ strand.
single; double
DNA is ______, meaning it matters in which direction the DNA is read. What are the two ends of DNA strand are called the ____’ and the ____’.
directional; 3; 5
For two complementary strands of DNA, one end starts at 5’ and the other starts at ____.
3’
The _____ is the smallest unit of life.
cell
What organelle is responsible fore making ATP within the cell?
mitochondria
What organelle is a small body used to transfer materials within and out the cell?
vacuole
What part of cell contains all of the genetic information in the form of DNA?
nucleus
What organelle is used for translation of mRNA into proteins and for the transport of proteins out of the cell?
endoplasmic reticulum
The rough ER has many ______ attached to it.
ribosomes
The smooth ER is associated with the production of ____ and ______ ______.
fats; steroid hormones
The rough ER function as the cell’s machinery in transforming _____ into ______.
RNA; proteins
What organelle is a small two-protein unit that reads mRNA and creates amino acids?
ribosomes
What organelle collects, packages, and distributes the proteins produced by ribosomes? The packing house of the cell.
golgi apparatus
What PLANT organelle is where the reactions of photosynthesis take place?
chloroplasts
What surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves?
cell membrane
The cell membrane is composed of ________.
phospholipids
When something is hydrophobic it ______ water.
repels or fails to mix with water
When something is hydrophilic, it has a tendency to ______ with water.
mix
What are the proteins called that cross the entire membrane, and allow for the transportation of molecules into and out of the cell?
transmembrane proteins
What are the two major classes of membrane transport?
active and passive transport
How does active transport allow for the passing of substances across the membrane?
It uses ATP for energy to change the structure of the protein on the cell membrane. The change in structure of the membrane allows it to funnel molecules across the cell membrane.
How does passive transport allow cells across the membrane?
Through facilitated diffusion; it does not require energy and utilizes the proteins on the cell membrane allowing specific molecules to pass through the protein channels.
______ is the concentration of solutes in the cell.
Tonicity
How does water enter and exit the cell?
osmosis
If there is a higher tonicity inside the cell, then water will _____ the cell. If there is higher tonicity outside the cell, water will ______ the cell.
enter; leave
When a cell is in an ______ environment, the same concentration of solutes exists inside and outside the cell. No transport of water.
isotonic
When a cell is a _______ environment, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside the cell.
hypertonic
When a cell is hypertonic, will it shrivel or swell?
shrivel
When a cell is in a ______ environment, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than that inside the cell.
hypotonic
When a cell is hypotonic environment, will it shrivel or swell?
swell
How to cells signal to one another?
via chemical signals excreted by the cell
Local or direct cell signaling is a signal that occurs when?
When cells are right next to each other or within a few cells distance
Hydrophilic heads point towards the _____ of the cell while hydrophobic tails point towards the ______ of the cell.
outside; inside
What is the primary chemical used in long - range signaling?
a hormone
What is an example of a long range signaling in the body?
insulin secreted by the pancreas; spreads throughout the entire body via the blood then when it binds to an insulin receptor then cell takes in more glucose
The cell cycle is the process cells go through as they _____, _____, and _____
live, grow, and divide
What is a acronym to remember the cell cycle?
Go Sally Go, Make Children
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
Growth phase 1 S phase Growth phase 2 Mitosis Cytokinesis
Together the G1, S, G2 phases are known as _________.
interphase
What is the process of cell division called?
mitosis
What are the phases of mitosis?
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
What is a good acronym to remember mitosis?
I Passed My Anatomy Test
Mitosis produces _____ resulting daughter cells that have the same identical genetic material.
two
In _______ the DNA in the cell winds in to chromatin, and each pair of duplicated chromosomes becomes joined.
prophase
In ________, the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
metaphase
In _______, the chromosomes move to separate sides of the cell, and the cell structure begins to lengthen.
anaphase
In _______, the cell membrane splits and two new daughter cells are formed.
telophase; cytokinesis
_____ is cellular division that creates gametes.
meiosis
Meiosis results in how many daughter cells each with how many chromosomes?
4; 1
How many stages of meiosis are there?
2
During mitosis, DNA is tightly packaged into units called _________. When the DNA has replicated the chromosome is composed of two ______ joined together at the ________.
chromosomes; chromatids; certromere
When a cell is a diploid, it has ______ sets of homologous chromosomes. Cells that are haploid have _____ set of chromosomes.
2;1
How many chromosomes does a human have?
46; 23 pairs
What is the process by which as copy of DNA is created in a cell?
DNA Replication
The leading strand of DNA can only be read in the ___ to ___ direction. The lagging strand, runs from ___ to ___.
3 to 5; 5 to 3
The study of genes and how they are passed down to offspring is called _______.
genetics
Multiple versions of the same gene are called ______.account variation in a population.
alleles
An organism’s _______ is its complete genetic code. It’s _______ is an organism’s observable characteristics, such as height, eye color, skin color, and hair color.
genotype; phenotype
