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PoD > Life at the Cellular Level > Flashcards

Life at the Cellular Level Flashcards

1
Q

Tight junction function

A

Physical barrier to diffusion across layers of cells

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2
Q

Types of adhesive junctions

A
  • Adherens: link actin filaments in two different cells

- Desmosomes: link keratin filament in two different cells

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3
Q

Gap junction function

A

Channels linking two cell cytoplasms

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4
Q

Types of cell signalling

A
  • Contact dependent: i.e. receptors
  • Paracrine
  • Synaptic: neurotransmitter
  • Endocrine
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5
Q

What 4 element are 99% of humans made from?

A

H, O, N and C

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6
Q

List 5 chemical reactions occurring in living organisms

A
  • Redox reactions
  • Making and breaking C-C bonds
  • Internal arrangements
  • Group transfers
  • Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
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7
Q

Outline redox reactions and give an example

A
  • Oxidation: loss of electrons with reducing agent
  • Reduction: gain of electrons with oxidising agent

Glucose to pyruvate is oxidation reaction
Pyruvate to lactate is reduction reaction

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8
Q

Example of making/breaking C-C bonds

A

Cleavage of glucose in glycolysis pathway

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9
Q

Example of internal rearrangements

A

Occurs in glycolysis; a rearrangement of G 6-P to F 6-P

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10
Q

Example of group transfers

A

Occurs in glycolysis; phosphate group transferred

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11
Q

Example of conditions and hydrolyses

A

Sub-units of proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids joined by condensation and broken by hydrolysis reactions

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12
Q

Nucleic acid components

A

Polymers of nucleotide monomers linked by 3’,5’-phosphodiester bonds

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13
Q

Describe the two types of bases in nucleic acids

A
  • Pyrimidines (flat, single rings): C, T and U

- Purines (flat, double rings): A and G

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14
Q

Why is D-glucose a reducing sugar

A

Linear form has an aldehyde group which can be oxidised

Accepts electrons from molecule being oxidised

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15
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can be converted from one form to another but total energy remains constant

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16
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy transformation leads to more disorder - increase the entropy

17
Q

What is entropy?

A

Randomness and chose with a closed system

As usable energy is lost, chaos and randomness increase

18
Q

Do cell defy the 2nd Law?

A

No - the chemical reactions that generate the cell’s order produce heat which is released into the surrounding environment and increases its entropy

19
Q

Describe Gibbs Free Energy

A
  • Enthalpy, H - released heat
  • Entropy, S - disorder
  • Absolute temp., T

G = H - TS

20
Q

Describe entropy in a spontaneous reaction

A

Increase

-Can only occur if change in free energy is NEGATIVE

21
Q

What is an exergonic pathway?

A

Catabolic pathway that saves free energy within a system by forming ATP

22
Q

What is endergonic pathway?

A

Anabolic pathway that is supplied with free energy within a system through conversion of ATP to ADP

23
Q

Describe ATP-ADP interconversion

A

ATP to ADP + Pi hydrolysis - decrease in free energy (exergonic)

ADP + Pi to ATP condensation - requires free energy (endergonic)

24
Q

Characteristic of water

A
  • Polar
  • Hydrophilic
  • Hydrogen bonding
25
Q

In what structure are hydrogen bonds the strongest?

A

Linear

26
Q

Define amphipathic and give an example

A

Molecule that contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
-phospholipids

27
Q

What is the dissociation for water?

A

1x10 to -14 (mol/L)2

28
Q

What is the concentration of H+ and OH- in water?

A

Both are 1x10 to -7 mol/L

29
Q

Equation for pH of water

A

-log[H+]=-log[OH-]= 7
or
pH=pOH=7

30
Q

pH scale for acids

A

below pH 7

31
Q

pH scale for alkalis

A

above pH 7

32
Q

Define strong acids and alkalis

A

Fully dissociate into ions

  • HCl
  • NaOH
33
Q

Define weak acids and alkalis

A

Partially dissociate

34
Q

Buffer function

A
  • Maintain optimal pH

- Solutions of weak acids

35
Q

Acid characteristic

A
  • Proton donors

- Stronger acids have greater tendency to lose protons

36
Q

Name the buffer in the blood and its importance

A

HCO3 - ensures pH doesn’t fluctuate wildly as cellular products of acids (i.e. lactic acid, ketone bodies) decrease blood pH

37
Q

What to do if patient has high acid levels

A

Monitor:

  • blood pH (7.4)
  • [HCO3]
  • [CO2]

PoD (35 decks)

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