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biology > Levels of Organisation and Cell Structure > Flashcards

Levels of Organisation and Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the levels of organisation in order?

A

Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms

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2
Q

What are organelles?

A

A component within a cell that carries out a specific function

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3
Q

What are cells?

A

Basic functional and structural units in a living organism

They make up a whole unicellular organism

Examples include palisade mesophyll cells and sperm cells

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4
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of cells of similar structure working together to perform a particular function

Examples include xylem and muscle

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5
Q

What are organs?

A

Made from a group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function

Examples include the heart and a leaf

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6
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Made from a group of organs with related functions working together to perform bodily functions within the organism

Examples include the digestive system and the root system

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7
Q

Which organelles are in every eukaryotic organism?

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane

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8
Q

Which organelles do plant cells have which animals cell do not have?

A

Chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll)
Permanent vacuole
Cell wall

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It contains the genetic material of the cell which controls how the cell grows and works, like cell divison

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10
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The gel like fluid is the site of most chemical reactions in the cell (like anaerobic respiration)

Provides a platform for organelles, allowing them to function and protecting them

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Holds the cell together

Controls which substances enter and leave the cell as it is selectively permeable

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Gives the cell extra support and defines its shape

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13
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

They are the site of photosynthesis, providing food for plants

Contains chloropyll, which absorb light energy

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14
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Helps support the shape of the cell

Storage of water and other materials, like cell sap

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15
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration

Cells needing more energy will have more mitochondria

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16
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They are the site of protein synthesis

17
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell within an organism which has adapted to perform a specific function through developing a different strucure and composition of subcellular structures (differentiation)

Each cell in an organism will have the same genetic information, but only some of it will be used

Examples include a sperm cell or a root hair cell

18
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

Stem cells

19
Q

When does most differentiation happen in animals?

A

When they are an embyro, although adult stem cells do exist in places such as the bone marrow

20
Q

When does differentiation happen in plants and where do the stem cells come from?

A

Throughout their whole life via meristem tissue

21
Q

How can stem cells be used in medicine?

A

To grow new tissue and repair broken organs

It can treat autoimmune diseases like diabetes

22
Q

Why must an embryo grown through therapeutic cloning be used?

A

So that the stem cells are not rejected by the patients body

23
Q

What are the benefits of using stem cells in medicine?

A

Can treat a variety of diseases like diabetes

Embyros grown through therapeutic cloning will produce stem cells which will not be rejected, like it does for organs which are donated.

24
Q

What are the medical risks associated with stem cell treatment?

A

A virus could be transmitted from the stem cell cultured in the lab to the patient
The cultured stem cell could develop mutations and become cancerous

25
Q

What are the ethical issues with stem cell treatment?

A

There is no saying who owns the embyro and who has rights over it

Is it right to clone (playing god)?

Should an embryo be treated as a person or not?

biology (19 decks)

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