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Biology > levels of organisation and cell structure > Flashcards

levels of organisation and cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

how does active transport use its energy

A

Active transport uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient.

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2
Q

how are protein carriers and enzymes alike

A

they are able to recognize a specific shape and select them from a mixture

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3
Q

Why is active transport specific

A

active transport is specific so that the cell can “choose” which molecules to absorb from its surroundings

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4
Q

do red blood cells have a nucleus

A

no

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5
Q

does the nucleus control the cells activities

A

yes

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6
Q

what is an organelle

A

A component of a cell with a specific function

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7
Q

what are examples of organelles

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast

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8
Q

what is a tissue

A

A group of similar cells which together perform a particular function

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9
Q

what is an organ

A

A structure made up of a collection of tissues, which performs a particular function.

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10
Q

what is an organ system

A

A collection of several organs working together to perform a particular task

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11
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration

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12
Q

what are factors effecting diffusion

A

Concentration gradient
Temperature
Distance particles must travel

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13
Q

what speeds up diffusion

A

Large concentration gradient
Higher Temperature
Short distance

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14
Q

what is biological diffusion

A

Dissolved substances have to pass through the partially permeable cell membrane to get into or out of a cell

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15
Q

what is digestion

A

Digestion breaks down large food molecules into smaller molecules that can be easily absorbed.

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16
Q

what do the villi do

A

in the small intestine they increase the overall surface area for maximum absorption and have a very good blood supply to absorb the nutrients

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17
Q

where does the oxygen from inhaled air go

A

the oxygen diffuses through the lungs and into the bloodstream before then being transported throughout the body

18
Q

how does carbon dioxide exit the body

A

diffuses from body tissue into the lungs and is then exhaled by the lungs

19
Q

what are the alveoli

A

tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in which gas exchange occurs

20
Q

what are the alveoli’s adaptations that make gas exchange more efficient

A

very thin(only one cell thick), they are covered by a network of fine capillaries(enabling gases to pass directly between the lungs and bloodstream), they are moist(encouraging gas molecules to easily dissolve) and they have a large combined surface area(allowing large amounts of gases to be exchanged)

21
Q

what is the placenta

A

an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy

22
Q

what does the umbilical chord connect

A

it connects the placenta to the foetus

23
Q

what does the umbilical chord allow to happen

A

it enables nutrients and oxygen to pass to the foetus via diffusion and waste substances to diffuse back the other way

24
Q

what is a synapse

A

a junction between two neurones across which electrical signals must pass

25
Q

what is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules, down a water potential gradient and across a semi-permeable membrane

26
Q

what are the sources of human stem cells

A

Sources of human stem cells for current treatment and research are from the umbilical cords of newborn babies and the embryos that are not used following IVF treatments

27
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

less water in the cell than outside, so it draws water into the cell through osmosis till it becomes turgid.

28
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

same amount of water inside the cell as outside

29
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

more water inside the cell than outside, so water exits the cell via osmosis till it becomes flaccid

30
Q

what is a stem cell

A

a non-specialised cell

31
Q

what are the advantages of stem cells

A

can adapt to become a completely new cell, they are renewable

32
Q

what are the ethical and religious objections to stem cells

A

catholicism disagrees with the procedure of getting stem cells, and it is DNA taken from people

33
Q

how have palisade mesophyll cells been adapted

A

they are packed with chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis and have a large surface area to catch more sunlight

34
Q

how has a root hair cell been adapted for absorption of water and mineral ions

A

has a large surface area which will help absorption of water and mineral ions

35
Q

how have guard cells been adapted for gas exchange and control of water loss

A

They open and close to allow materials in and out of the cell

36
Q

how have xylem cells been adapted

A

they have become strengthened by a substance called lignin

37
Q

how have phloem adapted

A

sieve tubes used for transportation and the companion cells used for transportation of substances in the phloem requires energy

38
Q

how have red blood cells adapted

A

they have no nucleus so that they can contain more haemoglobin which is a red protein that combines with oxygen

39
Q

how have white blood cells adapted

A

they can change shape to get out the way of blood cells and get to the site of infection

40
Q

how have nerve cells adapted

A

they have a long fibre so they can carry messages up and down the body over long distances

41
Q

how have cells with microvilli adapted

A

they increase the cells surface area meaning there is more absorption of ingested food and water molecules

42
Q

how have sperm cells adapted

A

lots of mitochondria for energy and a tail to swim towards the egg

Biology (10 decks)

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