level 2 + bees and protists Flashcards
what is biotic and what is Abiotic?
Biotic = lviving
Abitotic = non-living
what is life?
difficult to define
what are the 7 characteristics of living things?
Cellular organization,
the ability to reproduce,
growth & development,
energy use,
homeostasis,
response to their environment,
and the ability to adapt.
What are cells (4)
I) basic structure & function units of all living things
II) contain DNA (heriditary material), cell membranes and ribosomes
III) cells come from pre-existing cells
IV) have basically the same chemical composition
What is DNA and RNA?
herditary info. it is simple and universal
ATGC
U replaces T in RNA
what is the definition of Phylogenetic?
the relationsahipo of organisms that share one common ancestor
what % of the body of plants and mammals are composed of water?
plants: 80-90% water
mammals: 50-60% water
Four elements that comprise the bodies of humans
65% - oxygen
10% - hydrogen
20% - carbon
3% - nitrogen
What other substances else in the human body are vital?
Calcium & phosphorus = skeletons
Sodium & Potassium = water and electical movement
what are macromolecules (biomolecules) that are unique to living thing?
i) carbs
ii) lipids
iii) proteins
iv) nucleic acids
what is the hierachy of life? (the levels of biological organization)
- atoms/elements
- molecules/macromolecules
- cells
- tissues
- organ
- organ systems
- organism
- species
- populations
- community
- ecosystem
- bioshpere
what is a population?
a localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
what is a community?
all organisms that live in a particular area
ecosystem?
all organisms in a specific area as well as the abiotic factors (water, soil)
basically community + physical stuf
biosphere?
the sum of all ecosystems
how big are most bacteria?
0.2 um in diameter
2/8 um in length
How big are protists
0.8-100’s um
some have got to 2000um = 2mm
this exception is “BUBBLE ALGAE” & ‘ GREEN ALGAE”
why are some orgainisms smaller than others?
surface area : volume
ratio (for diffusions)
whats the differnece between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?
Eu = true kernal
Pro = before kernal
whats the difference between multicellualar and unicellular?
multi has many
uni has one
is it true that when something is Eukarotic that it must be multicelluar?
false
is it true that when something is Eukarotic that it can be multicelluar?
true
whats the difference between autotrophs and heterotroughs?
auto = automatically makes own food
heter = eat from sumthin else
what is the requirment to ber an inorganic material?
inorganic cant have carbon in it
also, only 2 inorganic molecules with C, carbondioxide and carbon monoxide
whats the equation for Photoautotrouphs
6CO2+6H2O—->C6H12O6+6O2
cyanobacteria
whats the equation for Chemoautrophs?
6(CO2) + 12(H2S) —> (C6H12O6) + 6(H2O) + 12(S)
and
6(CO2) + 6(H2O) + 6(H2S) + 6(O2) ->
(C6H12O6) + 6(H2SO4)
sulfur bacteria
What are the two types of heterotrophs?
Photoheterotroghs: light from sun, BUT need organic compunds from the environment
i.e: haloibacterium
Chemoheterotroughs: need organic compunds for energy and carbon source
i.e: propionbacterium
What are the two types of autotrophs?
Photoautotrophs: use light from sun (energy) and inorganic materials (H2O and CO2)
Chemoautotrophs: use inorganic compounds (H gas; S, NH3,nitrites, Fe) as energy sources
is micrasterias a Photoautotroph or Chemoheterotrophs
Photoautotrophs
is fucus a Photoautotroph or Chemoheterotrophs
Photoautotrophs
is amoeba a Photoautotroph or Chemoheterotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
is paramecium a Photoautotroph or Chemoheterotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
Didinium nasutum
(predators of Paramecium)
- uses specialized structures (toxicysts) to attached to prey and paralyze it. Then ingest its prey through a cytosome (= cell mouth)
Are these plants autotrophic ? sundews, Venus flytrap, Pitcher plants
These are all autotrophs
what does a parasitic plant require? mistletoe
Requires - host (e.g. silver birch) for water &
mineral nutrients
- Some plants will produce sugars to attract insects
- Sundew plants, Venus fly traps and pitcher plants —> these plants are autotrophic
- They are photosynthetic, but also need insects to supplement the nutrients they need. They live in nitrogen
deficient soil. They get the nitgrogen from these insects to make these proteins and necessary nucleic acids - Jug-shaped pitcher plants will eat the fecal material of shrews. The fecal matter contains urea, which
contains nitrogen Images: Wikipedia - Mistletoe are parasitic, spread by birds. They are photoautotrophic. Need to tap into their host to get water
and mineral ingredients
Are these parasitic plants autotrophic ? Indian pipe Bird’s-nest Orchid, Snow plant
no. - lack chlorophyll or a functional photosystem
- need to get organic molecules from another
organism : parasitizes mycorrhizal fungus
what is mycorrhizal fungi
symbiotic association between
a fungus & the roots of
a photosynthetic plant
Benefit to plant: Fungus extends reach of the roots
Are all fungi heterotrophic
YES
name each of the fungi we learned in class
Allomyces - water mold
Rhizopus - bread mold
Sordaria - plant saporobe
Agaricus - mushroom
why are all fungi herterotrophic?
- nutrients are acquired by absorption (absorptive heterotrophy)
- some fungi use enzymes to digest large molecules
- other fungi use enzymes to break through the cell walls of other organisms
Most parasites don’t kill their hosts, but they do put them at a ____
disadvantage
are all multicellular animals herterotrophic? true or false
true
name an organism that can change its internal environment from whimy to macho
cichlid fish. can make their PP shrink PP and colours go away, becoming whimpy
what plant reacts to short term stimuli that we looked at in class?
Mimosa Pudica & venus flytrap. the leaves fold if touched
difference between reproducation and replication
reproduction = new individual
replication = duplication of genes
for protists, what are 2 modes of asexual reproducation?
fission
&
multipul fission (when unfavourable conditions)
what are the 4 trypes of asexual reproduction?
fission
fragmentaion
budding
parthenogenesis
what is apomixis (in plants)
asexual reproduction without fertilization: dandelion
