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BIO 121 MIDTERM > level 2 + bees and protists > Flashcards

level 2 + bees and protists Flashcards

1
Q

what is biotic and what is Abiotic?

A

Biotic = lviving
Abitotic = non-living

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2
Q

what is life?

A

difficult to define

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3
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of living things?

A

Cellular organization,
the ability to reproduce,
growth & development,
energy use,
homeostasis,
response to their environment,
and the ability to adapt.

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4
Q

What are cells (4)

A

I) basic structure & function units of all living things

II) contain DNA (heriditary material), cell membranes and ribosomes

III) cells come from pre-existing cells

IV) have basically the same chemical composition

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5
Q

What is DNA and RNA?

A

herditary info. it is simple and universal

ATGC
U replaces T in RNA

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6
Q

what is the definition of Phylogenetic?

A

the relationsahipo of organisms that share one common ancestor

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7
Q

what % of the body of plants and mammals are composed of water?

A

plants: 80-90% water

mammals: 50-60% water

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8
Q

Four elements that comprise the bodies of humans

A

65% - oxygen
10% - hydrogen
20% - carbon
3% - nitrogen

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9
Q

What other substances else in the human body are vital?

A

Calcium & phosphorus = skeletons

Sodium & Potassium = water and electical movement

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10
Q

what are macromolecules (biomolecules) that are unique to living thing?

A

i) carbs
ii) lipids
iii) proteins
iv) nucleic acids

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11
Q

what is the hierachy of life? (the levels of biological organization)

A
  1. atoms/elements
  2. molecules/macromolecules
  3. cells
  4. tissues
  5. organ
  6. organ systems
  7. organism
  8. species
  9. populations
  10. community
  11. ecosystem
  12. bioshpere
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12
Q

what is a population?

A

a localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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13
Q

what is a community?

A

all organisms that live in a particular area

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14
Q

ecosystem?

A

all organisms in a specific area as well as the abiotic factors (water, soil)

basically community + physical stuf

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15
Q

biosphere?

A

the sum of all ecosystems

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16
Q

how big are most bacteria?

A

0.2 um in diameter
2/8 um in length

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17
Q

How big are protists

A

0.8-100’s um
some have got to 2000um = 2mm
this exception is “BUBBLE ALGAE” & ‘ GREEN ALGAE”

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18
Q

why are some orgainisms smaller than others?

A

surface area : volume

ratio (for diffusions)

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19
Q

whats the differnece between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

A

Eu = true kernal
Pro = before kernal

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20
Q

whats the difference between multicellualar and unicellular?

A

multi has many
uni has one

21
Q

is it true that when something is Eukarotic that it must be multicelluar?

A

false

22
Q

is it true that when something is Eukarotic that it can be multicelluar?

A

true

23
Q

whats the difference between autotrophs and heterotroughs?

A

auto = automatically makes own food
heter = eat from sumthin else

24
Q

what is the requirment to ber an inorganic material?

A

inorganic cant have carbon in it

also, only 2 inorganic molecules with C, carbondioxide and carbon monoxide

25
Q

whats the equation for Photoautotrouphs

A

6CO2+6H2O—->C6H12O6+6O2
cyanobacteria

26
Q

whats the equation for Chemoautrophs?

A

6(CO2) + 12(H2S) —> (C6H12O6) + 6(H2O) + 12(S)

and

6(CO2) + 6(H2O) + 6(H2S) + 6(O2) ->
(C6H12O6) + 6(H2SO4)
sulfur bacteria

27
Q

What are the two types of heterotrophs?

A

Photoheterotroghs: light from sun, BUT need organic compunds from the environment
i.e: haloibacterium

Chemoheterotroughs: need organic compunds for energy and carbon source
i.e: propionbacterium

28
Q

What are the two types of autotrophs?

A

Photoautotrophs: use light from sun (energy) and inorganic materials (H2O and CO2)

Chemoautotrophs: use inorganic compounds (H gas; S, NH3,nitrites, Fe) as energy sources

29
Q

is micrasterias a Photoautotroph or Chemoheterotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs

30
Q

is fucus a Photoautotroph or Chemoheterotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs

31
Q

is amoeba a Photoautotroph or Chemoheterotrophs

A

Chemoheterotrophs

32
Q

is paramecium a Photoautotroph or Chemoheterotrophs

A

Chemoheterotrophs

33
Q

Didinium nasutum
(predators of Paramecium)

A
  • uses specialized structures (toxicysts) to attached to prey and paralyze it. Then ingest its prey through a cytosome (= cell mouth)
34
Q

Are these plants autotrophic ? sundews, Venus flytrap, Pitcher plants

A

These are all autotrophs

35
Q

what does a parasitic plant require? mistletoe

A

Requires - host (e.g. silver birch) for water &
mineral nutrients

  • Some plants will produce sugars to attract insects
  • Sundew plants, Venus fly traps and pitcher plants —> these plants are autotrophic
  • They are photosynthetic, but also need insects to supplement the nutrients they need. They live in nitrogen
    deficient soil. They get the nitgrogen from these insects to make these proteins and necessary nucleic acids
  • Jug-shaped pitcher plants will eat the fecal material of shrews. The fecal matter contains urea, which
    contains nitrogen Images: Wikipedia
  • Mistletoe are parasitic, spread by birds. They are photoautotrophic. Need to tap into their host to get water
    and mineral ingredients
36
Q

Are these parasitic plants autotrophic ? Indian pipe Bird’s-nest Orchid, Snow plant

A

no. - lack chlorophyll or a functional photosystem

  • need to get organic molecules from another
    organism : parasitizes mycorrhizal fungus
37
Q

what is mycorrhizal fungi

A

symbiotic association between
a fungus & the roots of
a photosynthetic plant

Benefit to plant: Fungus extends reach of the roots

38
Q

Are all fungi heterotrophic

A

YES

39
Q

name each of the fungi we learned in class

A

Allomyces - water mold
Rhizopus - bread mold
Sordaria - plant saporobe
Agaricus - mushroom

40
Q

why are all fungi herterotrophic?

A
  • nutrients are acquired by absorption (absorptive heterotrophy)
  • some fungi use enzymes to digest large molecules
  • other fungi use enzymes to break through the cell walls of other organisms
41
Q

Most parasites don’t kill their hosts, but they do put them at a ____

A

disadvantage

42
Q

are all multicellular animals herterotrophic? true or false

A

true

43
Q

name an organism that can change its internal environment from whimy to macho

A

cichlid fish. can make their PP shrink PP and colours go away, becoming whimpy

44
Q

what plant reacts to short term stimuli that we looked at in class?

A

Mimosa Pudica & venus flytrap. the leaves fold if touched

45
Q

difference between reproducation and replication

A

reproduction = new individual
replication = duplication of genes

46
Q

for protists, what are 2 modes of asexual reproducation?

A

fission
&
multipul fission (when unfavourable conditions)

47
Q

what are the 4 trypes of asexual reproduction?

A

fission
fragmentaion
budding
parthenogenesis

48
Q

what is apomixis (in plants)

A

asexual reproduction without fertilization: dandelion

BIO 121 MIDTERM (8 decks)

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