Level 1 - Accounting Flashcards
Why should you keep accounts?
Companies keep accounts for a number of reasons:
- To keep track of money coming and money going out so they know they can pay their bills and suppliers etc.
- So they can monitor profit and loss and company performance
- Use the information for future business planning
- Use the information to highlight any problem areas so they can be investigated and solved
- So they can submit annual financial statements to Companies House
In accordance with Company’s Act 1985 limited companies must provide their year-end accounts in accordance with a legal format.
What is the difference between Management and Company accounts?
- Management accounts are used internally by the managers of the business
- Financial accounts are company accounts required by law and audited by a Chartered Accountant.
What is meant by the terms Gross and Net?
Gross is the total and net is minus tax and all other deductions (the net cannot get any lower).
What is a balance sheet?
- A statement showing a business’s financial position at a point in time.
- It shows a business’s assets and liabilities at a given date, usually at the end of a financial year.
Assets = things the business owns that you get a future benefit from e.g. physical assets like property and non-physical assets like brand and goodwill.
Current assets = assets to be used within 1 year
Non-current (fixed) assets = plant, machinery and equipment etc.
Liabilities = amounts a business owes due to past transactions e.g. wages and loans
What is a profit and loss account?
- A summary of a business’s income and expenditure transactions usually prepared on an annual basis.
- P&L Accounts demonstrate how the revenue is transformed into the net income - how the actual income the business receives transfers into profit for the year.
Revenue = income the business receives from its business activities e.g. money from things it sells
Expenses = outgoings that arise as the entity performs its business activities e.g. costs incurred in order to provide their service.
What is a cashflow statement?
- Cash flow shows the actual receipts and expenditure and includes VAT.
- Reviewing cash flow can identify potential shortfalls in cash balance i.e. where you may not have enough cash in the business to pay suppliers etc.
- Review cash flow helps ensure businesses can afford to pay suppliers and employees i.e. the cash coming in is enough to cover the cash going out.
- Struggling companies should review cash flow daily.
- Healthier companies should review cash flow weekly or monthly.
What is meant by depreciation in relation to an asset?
Systematic reduction in the recorded cost of a fixed asset.
EG M&E, furniture and IT equipment.
What is the difference between a Sole Trader, Partnership, Limited, and a LLP?
- Sole Trader
A person who is the exclusive owner of a business, entitled to keep all profits after tax has been paid but liable for all losses (unlimited liability).
- Partnership
A business organization in which two or more individuals manage and operate the business. Both owners are equally and personally liable for the debts from the business.
- Limited
In a limited company, the shareholders’ liability is limited to the capital they originally invested. If such company becomes insolvent, the shareholders personal assets remain protected. Shares in a private limited company are not offered to the general public (distinguishing it from a public limited company - plc.)
- Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners have limited liabilities. It therefore exhibits elements of partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, one partner is not responsible or liable for another partner’s misconduct or negligence.
How would you assess a contractor’s financial accounts?
Request a copy of the contractor’s company accounts for the last 3 years which would include the Profit & Loss Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement.
I would then be able to assess:
• Profitabilty
• Calculate their liquidity ratio by looking at their assets vs their liabilities
What are the main types of ratio analysis used to assess a company’s financial strength?
• Liquidity – the ability of the company to pay its way (solvency). More companies fail due to cash flow than any other reason.
Current Ratio = Liquid assets / Liabilities
• Investment/shareholders – information to enable decisions to be made on the extent of the risk and the earning potential of a business investment.
Return on Investment (ROI) = (Gain – Cost) / Cost
• Gearing – information on the relationship between the exposure of the business to loans as opposed to share capital.
Net Gearing = Net Debt / Equity
• Profitability – how effective the company is at generating profits given sales and/or its capital assets.
Gross Margin = Gross profit / Net Sales
• Financial – the rate at which the company sells its stock and the efficiency with which it uses its assets.
Asset Turnover = Net Sales / Total Assets
Why do chartered surveyors in your pathway need to understand and be able to interpret company accounts?
- Companies business accounts.
- For assessing the financial strength of contractors and those tendering for contracts.
- For assessing competition.
What is insider trading?
The trading of a public company’s stock or other securities (such as bonds or stock options) by individuals with access to non-public information about the company.
What is the Construction Industry Scheme (CIS)?
- The Construction Industry Scheme (CIS) is a scheme created by HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) for tax from contractors and subcontractors.
- The scheme is designed to minimize tax evasion within the construction industry.
- Contractors deduct tax from payments to subcontractors.
- All contractors and subcontractors must register with the scheme before work starts.
N1. Why is having an understanding of accountancy required as a Facilities Manager?
- To be able to understand the financial health of a project to protect the clients interests.
- To understand your own financial health.
- To be able to understand the financial health of a company.
N6. Are profit and loss accounts current?
No, they are retrospective.
N7. What happens if a company’s liabilities are greater than its assets?
There is a likelihood the company will go into administration.
N8. What does the term liabilities mean to you?
Any outstanding costs which are yet to be paid.
N9 What does the term assets mean to you?
Anything that can be deemed to have a value attached to it.
N10. How can you analyse company accounts?
- Liquidity: see if a company can pay its way.
- Profitability: See how effective the company is at generating profit.
- Gearing: the financial relationship between loans and share capital.
N11. What is corporation tax?
Tax levied on company profits.
