Leukocytes Flashcards
How do the leukocytes leave the blood stream?
Post capillary venules are the preferred site of leaving.
Leukocytes do so through margination, pavement in (rolling and adhesion) and diapedesis (=extravasation)
What attracts WBC’s to differing tissues?
Chemotaxis leads them to inflammatory sites via cytokines.
How are WBC’s characterized?
Either through granulocytes or agranulocytes
What type of granules do all WBC’s possess?
They all have 1’ granules.
What color do 1’ granules stain?
They stain blue-purple.
1’ granules function as what??
They function as lysosomal enzymes (ex. Acid hydrolases).
2’ granules function as ?
Lysosomal and alkaline phosphatases
What are the granulocytes called?
Neutrophils, Basophils, and Esinophils.
How do Neutrophils produce Energy?
They utilize anaerobic glycolysis.
What do neutrophils contain?
Antimicrobial myeloperoxidase.
Inflammatory mediators, complement activators, pro teases, defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme.
What is the function of 3’ granules aka Galatians in neutrophils?
They break down collagen! This is associated with acute inflammation.
What are the signs of inflammation?
Rubor, tumor, calore, et dolore.
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
What is neutrophil’s main function?
Phagocytosis.
What enhances phagocytosis?
Opsonization. Which coats bacteria with an antibody and complement.
What is a stab cell?
It is a band cell aka immature neutrophil.
What enzymes to basophils have?
Hydrologic enzymes, heparin sulfate (anticoagulant) chondroitin sulfate (proteogylcan).
Histamine- increases vasodilation.
leukotrienes (anaphylaxis)
Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
How do basophils function?
They function in the immediate hypersensitivity reactions. If severe and continued, it can lead to anaphylaxis
Basophils and eosinophils counteract each other.
Just know this fact.
What hydrolytic enzymes to eosinophils have??
Histaminase, eosinophil peroxidase, lysosomal enzymes.
What attracts eosinophils to basophils and mast cells?
Eosinophilia chemotactic factor. This releases eosinophil derived inhibitor, which stops mast cells and basophils from degranulation.
Eosinophils also have a anti parasitic function. What is it?
They combat flukes aka heminths.
What are the different types of fixed monocytes within body tissues.
They would all be considered macrophages and they include: Kupfer cells in the liver Microglial cells in the CNS Langerhan cells in the skin Dust cells in the lungs Osteoclasts in bone
What are T cells and B cells that do not replicate called??
They are memory cells or effector cells
What is the function of these memory cells?
They are the reason we vaccinate to prevent disease
What is the HLA and what does it do?
human leukocyte antigen
Histocompatability complex
This complex identifies team jerseys.
what is the function of T cells?
They recognize epitomes.
They also have “cluster of differentiation” this allows the recognition of HLA receptors on the surface of other cells and prevent from self destruction
What are the three types of T cells?
Cytotoxic
Suppressor
Helper
What is the function of cytotoxic T cells/.
They are the 1’ effectors in cell mediated immunity
They recognize foreign cells and punch holes in the plasma membrane.
what is the role of helper T cells?
They sound the chemical alarm for intruder. These secrete lymphokines (cytokines) which act as pheromones, they stimulate b-cells=> ab production or to cells (kill)
What is the function of suppressor T cells?
Suppress the activity of b-cells, dampen the immune response, and especially to self molecules.
What causes auto immune diseases?
The loss of control of suppressor T cells.
