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Histology: Grant Review > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

How do the leukocytes leave the blood stream?

A

Post capillary venules are the preferred site of leaving.

Leukocytes do so through margination, pavement in (rolling and adhesion) and diapedesis (=extravasation)

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2
Q

What attracts WBC’s to differing tissues?

A

Chemotaxis leads them to inflammatory sites via cytokines.

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3
Q

How are WBC’s characterized?

A

Either through granulocytes or agranulocytes

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4
Q

What type of granules do all WBC’s possess?

A

They all have 1’ granules.

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5
Q

What color do 1’ granules stain?

A

They stain blue-purple.

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6
Q

1’ granules function as what??

A

They function as lysosomal enzymes (ex. Acid hydrolases).

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7
Q

2’ granules function as ?

A

Lysosomal and alkaline phosphatases

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8
Q

What are the granulocytes called?

A

Neutrophils, Basophils, and Esinophils.

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9
Q

How do Neutrophils produce Energy?

A

They utilize anaerobic glycolysis.

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10
Q

What do neutrophils contain?

A

Antimicrobial myeloperoxidase.

Inflammatory mediators, complement activators, pro teases, defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme.

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11
Q

What is the function of 3’ granules aka Galatians in neutrophils?

A

They break down collagen! This is associated with acute inflammation.

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12
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor, tumor, calore, et dolore.

Redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

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13
Q

What is neutrophil’s main function?

A

Phagocytosis.

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14
Q

What enhances phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization. Which coats bacteria with an antibody and complement.

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15
Q

What is a stab cell?

A

It is a band cell aka immature neutrophil.

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16
Q

What enzymes to basophils have?

A

Hydrologic enzymes, heparin sulfate (anticoagulant) chondroitin sulfate (proteogylcan).
Histamine- increases vasodilation.
leukotrienes (anaphylaxis)
Eosinophilic chemotactic factor

17
Q

How do basophils function?

A

They function in the immediate hypersensitivity reactions. If severe and continued, it can lead to anaphylaxis

18
Q

Basophils and eosinophils counteract each other.

A

Just know this fact.

19
Q

What hydrolytic enzymes to eosinophils have??

A

Histaminase, eosinophil peroxidase, lysosomal enzymes.

20
Q

What attracts eosinophils to basophils and mast cells?

A

Eosinophilia chemotactic factor. This releases eosinophil derived inhibitor, which stops mast cells and basophils from degranulation.

21
Q

Eosinophils also have a anti parasitic function. What is it?

A

They combat flukes aka heminths.

22
Q

What are the different types of fixed monocytes within body tissues.

A 
They would all be considered macrophages and they include: 
Kupfer cells in the liver
Microglial cells in the CNS
Langerhan cells in the skin
Dust cells in the lungs
Osteoclasts in bone
23
Q

What are T cells and B cells that do not replicate called??

A

They are memory cells or effector cells

24
Q

What is the function of these memory cells?

A

They are the reason we vaccinate to prevent disease

25
Q

What is the HLA and what does it do?

A

human leukocyte antigen

Histocompatability complex

This complex identifies team jerseys.

26
Q

what is the function of T cells?

A

They recognize epitomes.

They also have “cluster of differentiation” this allows the recognition of HLA receptors on the surface of other cells and prevent from self destruction

27
Q

What are the three types of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic
Suppressor
Helper

28
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells/.

A

They are the 1’ effectors in cell mediated immunity

They recognize foreign cells and punch holes in the plasma membrane.

29
Q

what is the role of helper T cells?

A

They sound the chemical alarm for intruder. These secrete lymphokines (cytokines) which act as pheromones, they stimulate b-cells=> ab production or to cells (kill)

30
Q

What is the function of suppressor T cells?

A

Suppress the activity of b-cells, dampen the immune response, and especially to self molecules.

31
Q

What causes auto immune diseases?

A

The loss of control of suppressor T cells.

Histology: Grant Review (8 decks)

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