CNS Flashcards
What type of cells make up meninges?
Meningothelial cells.
What lines the inside if the dura mater?
Mesothelium
Subarachnoid space is also lined by __________?
Mesothelial cells.
Which meninge is highly vascularlized?
The pia mater.
Pia + Arachnoid = ??
Leptomeninges.
What is the most highly branched and largest neuroglial cell?
Astrocyte.
What is the function of Astrocytes?
To provide structural support and aid in tissue repair following injury.
What do you need to know about microglial?
Phagocytic, they are a part of the monocyte —> macrophage lineage, and they originate from the mesoderm.
Ependymal cells.
Line the ventricles of the brain and they central canal of the spinal cord.
Where is the choroid plexus located?
Walls of the ventricle in the brain.
What is a synonym for cerebral cortex?
Neocortex.
What does the cerebral cortex control?
Sensory, motor, and assoc. areas.
What neuroglia are in the gray matter?
Astrocytes and microglial cells.
In the cerebrum what is another word for white matter?
Medulla.
Cortical neurons:
Pyramidal Cells Stellate (granule) cells Cells of Martinotti Fusiform Cells Horizontal cells of Cajal
Pyramidal cells
Pyramid-shaped neurons with long, slender axons, varying in size from small to large.
Betz cells
The largest pyramidal cell in the motor cortex.
Stellate (granule) cells
Small and star shaped neurons.
Short axons and dendrites.
cells of Martinotti
Small neurons with long, horizontal shaped axons.
Fusiform cells
Vertically rented spindle shaped neurons with vertical axons
Horizontal cells of Cajal
Horizontally oriented, spindle shaped neurons with horizontal axons.
Least common type of cell, and it is found in the superficial layer.
Layers of the cerebellum: (three of them)
Outer molecular layer
Middle has Perkinje CELLS
Inner granular layer.
What is the function of purkinje cells
Equilibrium and coordination
What central canal of the spinal cord is continuous with what other structure?
Ventricles of the brain.
In the PNS, how do neurons respond to injury?
if the gap is not too big then there will be regeneration of an axon.
- Schwann cells multiply to physically bridge the gap.
- Nerve axon sprouts neurites from proximal stump
- Neurites grow into distal stumps; contact reestablishes function.
This can take weeks to months to do.
In the PNS, when an injury happens. If the portion that is distal to the point of injury begins to degenerate then it is called?
Anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration
In the PNS if the injury is severe, then what results?
Retrograde degeneration and death of the cell body.
How does the CNS and PNS response to injury differ?
The PNS effectively uses Schwann cells to regenerate the axon. however in the CNS the oligodendrocytes are less effective, and instead the neuroglial cells multiply.
What prevents regeneration in the CNS?
The proliferation of scar tissue that is a result of glial cells. It physically blocks the the contact between the cell body and the axon.
Terminally differentiated cells are located where?
CNS
What is ALS?
(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
= Lou Gehrig’s disease; due to the death of motor neurons controlling voluntary muscle cells.
meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
May be bacterial or viral
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
Myelitis
The inflammation of the spinal cord.
Symptoms of encephalomeylitis and meningoencephalitis include?
Vary from a mild headache to paralysis, debilitation and even death.
what is the general cause for viral meninges?
Transient lymphocytic infiltrate
polio
Affects the alpha motor neuron of the ventral horn of the spinal cord. (Poliomeylitis)
Salk vaccine stopped it
MS (multiple sclerosis)
Auto immune
Inflammatory and demyelination disease of the CNS.
Antibodies destroy myelin sheaths and form plaque
Usually affects women between 20-40 years old.
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Immune-mediated demyelination in the PNS.
Often initiated by infection —> progressive weakness in the peripheral muscle.
