CNS

Question 1

What type of cells make up meninges?

Answer 1

Meningothelial cells.

Question 2

What lines the inside if the dura mater?

Answer 2

Mesothelium

Question 3

Subarachnoid space is also lined by __________?

Answer 3

Mesothelial cells.

Question 4

Which meninge is highly vascularlized?

Answer 4

The pia mater.

Question 5

Pia + Arachnoid = ??

Answer 5

Leptomeninges.

Question 6

What is the most highly branched and largest neuroglial cell?

Answer 6

Astrocyte.

Question 7

What is the function of Astrocytes?

Answer 7

To provide structural support and aid in tissue repair following injury.

Question 8

What do you need to know about microglial?

Answer 8

Phagocytic, they are a part of the monocyte —> macrophage lineage, and they originate from the mesoderm.

Question 9

Ependymal cells.

Answer 9

Line the ventricles of the brain and they central canal of the spinal cord.

Question 10

Where is the choroid plexus located?

Answer 10

Walls of the ventricle in the brain.

Question 11

What is a synonym for cerebral cortex?

Answer 11

Neocortex.

Question 12

What does the cerebral cortex control?

Answer 12

Sensory, motor, and assoc. areas.

Question 13

What neuroglia are in the gray matter?

Answer 13

Astrocytes and microglial cells.

Question 14

In the cerebrum what is another word for white matter?

Answer 14

Medulla.

Question 15

Cortical neurons:

Answer 15

Pyramidal Cells
Stellate (granule) cells
Cells of Martinotti
Fusiform Cells
Horizontal cells of Cajal

Question 16

Pyramidal cells

Answer 16

Pyramid-shaped neurons with long, slender axons, varying in size from small to large.

Question 17

Betz cells

Answer 17

The largest pyramidal cell in the motor cortex.

Question 18

Stellate (granule) cells

Answer 18

Small and star shaped neurons.

Short axons and dendrites.

Question 19

cells of Martinotti

Answer 19

Small neurons with long, horizontal shaped axons.

Question 20

Fusiform cells

Answer 20

Vertically rented spindle shaped neurons with vertical axons

Question 21

Horizontal cells of Cajal

Answer 21

Horizontally oriented, spindle shaped neurons with horizontal axons.

Least common type of cell, and it is found in the superficial layer.

Question 22

Layers of the cerebellum: (three of them)

Answer 22

Outer molecular layer
Middle has Perkinje CELLS
Inner granular layer.

Question 23

What is the function of purkinje cells

Answer 23

Equilibrium and coordination

Question 24

What central canal of the spinal cord is continuous with what other structure?

Answer 24

Ventricles of the brain.

Question 25

In the PNS, how do neurons respond to injury?

Answer 25

if the gap is not too big then there will be regeneration of an axon. 1. Schwann cells multiply to physically bridge the gap. 2. Nerve axon sprouts neurites from proximal stump 3. Neurites grow into distal stumps; contact reestablishes function. This can take weeks to months to do.

Question 26

In the PNS, when an injury happens. If the portion that is distal to the point of injury begins to degenerate then it is called?

Answer 26

Anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration

Question 27

In the PNS if the injury is severe, then what results?

Answer 27

Retrograde degeneration and death of the cell body.

Question 28

How does the CNS and PNS response to injury differ?

Answer 28

The PNS effectively uses Schwann cells to regenerate the axon. however in the CNS the oligodendrocytes are less effective, and instead the neuroglial cells multiply.

Question 29

What prevents regeneration in the CNS?

Answer 29

The proliferation of scar tissue that is a result of glial cells. It physically blocks the the contact between the cell body and the axon.

Question 30

Terminally differentiated cells are located where?

Answer 30

CNS

Question 31

What is ALS?

Answer 31

(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) = Lou Gehrig’s disease; due to the death of motor neurons controlling voluntary muscle cells.

Question 32

meningitis

Answer 32

Inflammation of the meninges | May be bacterial or viral

Question 33

Encephalitis

Answer 33

inflammation of the brain

Question 34

Myelitis

Answer 34

The inflammation of the spinal cord.

Question 35

Symptoms of encephalomeylitis and meningoencephalitis include?

Answer 35

Vary from a mild headache to paralysis, debilitation and even death.

Question 36

what is the general cause for viral meninges?

Answer 36

Transient lymphocytic infiltrate

Question 37

polio

Answer 37

Affects the alpha motor neuron of the ventral horn of the spinal cord. (Poliomeylitis) Salk vaccine stopped it

Question 38

MS (multiple sclerosis)

Answer 38

Auto immune Inflammatory and demyelination disease of the CNS. Antibodies destroy myelin sheaths and form plaque Usually affects women between 20-40 years old.

Question 39

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Answer 39

Immune-mediated demyelination in the PNS. Often initiated by infection —> progressive weakness in the peripheral muscle.