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Histology: Grant Review > Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the primitive connective tissue derived??

A

Mesodermal mesencchyme

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2
Q

What is the function of a fibroblast?

A

They synthesize and maintain proteinaceous ground substance and connective tissue fibers. (Collagen, Elastin, and reticular fibers).

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3
Q

Where are reticular cells located? And What do they produce?

A

They are located in the lymph nodes and the bone marrow. They synthesize reticular fibers from reticulin.

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4
Q

What is the principle fiber in the extra cellular matrix?

A

Collagen because it is know for its tensile strength.

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5
Q

What type of collagen is most abundant in the body?

A

Type one collagen

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6
Q

Where is the type V collagen found?

A

Cornea, placenta, dermatology-epidermal junctions.

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7
Q

What is the best known collagenopathy?

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Affects type V collagen characterized by hyper extension of joints, skin fragility and poor wound healing.

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8
Q

How is collagen formed?

A

Starts as pro-collagen—> secretory vessels and secreted into the ECS—> Enzymatic modification in the extra cellular region—> this forms troop collagen—> polymerization—> collagen microfibrils—> collagen bundle.

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9
Q

How are elastic fibers formed?

A

Formed by fibroblasts as tropoelastin. This then polymerizes in the ECM to become elastin!

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10
Q

What are the two components of elastic fibers?

A

Elastin and Fibrillin

Elastin is the protein core and fibrillin is the structural glycoprotein.

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11
Q

What are fibrillin and fibronectin?

A

They are structural glycoproteins.

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12
Q

Where is fibronectin found?

A

In the basement membrane. This anchors the cell membrane to the extra cellular matrix. Through integrins.

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13
Q

What are the non-filamentous molecules of the connective tissues?

A

Laminin- sulfates glycoproteins this is a major component of the basement membrane. It is produced by epithelial cells and endothelial cells.

Entactin- sulfates gylcoprotein binds with laminin

Tenascin- binds the cells to extracellular matrix; thought to be important in cell migration in developing nervous system.

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14
Q

describe the ground substance and what sugar is most abundant in the ground substance?

A

It is an amphorous, transparent material with properties of similar-fluid gel.

The sugar is almost always and amino sugar (n-acetyl glucosamine or galactosamine.

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15
Q

Most GAG’s covalently bind to protein molecules to form what?

A

Proteoglycans

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16
Q

Types of GAG’s

A 
Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate
Keratin sulfate 
Dermatan sulfate
Heparin sulfate
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17
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Found in most connective tissue

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18
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Found in cartilage, bone, cornea, and intervertebral disk

19
Q

Keratan sulfate

A

Found in cartilage, bone, cornea, and intervertbral disk

20
Q

Dermatan sulfate

A

Found in dermis of the skin, blood vessels, and heart valves.

21
Q

Heparin sulfate

A

Found in the basement membrane, lung, and liver.

22
Q

What is the main components of ground substance?

A

Gag’s (1’ hyaluronic acid), proteogylcans, an water.

23
Q

Hyaluronic Acid (Hyaluronate)

A

The predominant GAG in loose connective tissue. It lacks sulfates side groups, thousands of sugars long, doesn’t form a proteoglycan, but will connect to them.

24
Q

What is the function of hyaluronidase?

A

Pathogenic bacteria produce this to break through the ground substance layer and facilitate their spread.

25
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Sparse fibers and abundant ground substance.

Located beneath the epithelia and around the nerves and blood vessels.

26
Q

Adipocytes are derived from what cells?

A

Lipoblasts

27
Q

Where is white fat found in the body?

A

Dermis, and around the intraperitoneal.

28
Q

Where is brown fat found in the body?

A

The adrenals.

29
Q

Epithelial cells produce what?

A

Keratin, there are several different types which is proven helpful in tumor ID.

30
Q

What embryonic levels are epithelial derived from

A

Endo-
Ecto-
Mesoderm

31
Q

Epithelial cells rely on diffusion of O2 and nutrients from the underlying tissue.

A

It’s just a fact of life.

32
Q

What is another name for the basement membrane?

A

External lamina.

33
Q

What are cadherins?

A

A class of cell adhesion molecules aka integrins. Type of transmembrane glycoproteins.

34
Q

What are some of the attachment proteins associated with desmosomes aka macula adherins?

A

Does opal kin’s, desmogleins, and tonofilaments.

35
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes located? Also what is the protein that anchors it to the basement membrane?

A

They are located in high abrasion areas (skin).

Integrins.

36
Q

What are the three separate zones of the junctional complex aka the terminal bar

A 
Zonula occludens (tight junction) 
Zonula adherens (adherent junction) 
Macula adherens (desmosomes)
37
Q

What are the names of microvili in the intestine and in the renal tubules?

A

Striated Border = intestines

Brush border = renal tubules.

38
Q

What are the two strokes the cilia make?

A

Effective stroke:
rapid and rigid

Recovery Stroke:
Slower and flexible

39
Q

Metachronal rhythm

A

The synchronous beat of cilia

40
Q

What do cillia normally contain?

A

Microtubule doublets with a dynein arm.

41
Q

What glands contain myoepithelial cells?

A

Exocrine glands

42
Q

Merocrine glands excrete mostly what product?

A

Proteins, through simple exocytosis.

43
Q

What do apocrine glands mostly secrete?

A

Typically lipids. Lose some portion of the cell membrane.

Sweat and mammary glands.

44
Q

What is an example of holocrine glands?

A

Sebaceous glands

Histology: Grant Review (8 decks)

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