Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, and Function Flashcards
Objective 1: Define Monophyletic Theory
All blood cells are derived from a single pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Objective 2: Describe the effect of cytokines and growth factors on stem cells
- Modulate the activities of other cells
- Stimulation or inhibition of replication,
differentiation, and/or trafficking of cells - Has varied effect on HSCs depending on
maturation stage, concentration, etc.
Objective 3: Match the following Colony Stimulating Factors with the cell line that responds to its presence: GM-csf, Meg-csf, G-csf, M-csf
GM-csf: Granulocyte and Macrophage
Meg-csf: Megakaryocyte
G-csf: Granulocyte
M-csf: Monocyte
Objective 4:
Define: Apoptosis
Programmed cell death – a normal physiologic process
Objective 4:
Define: Necrosis
Accidental cell death (i.e. trauma)
Objective 4:
Define: Erythropoiesis
The production of red blood cells
Objective 4:
Define: Leukopoiesis
The production of white blood cells
Objective 4:
Define: Megakaryopoiesis
The production of megakaryocytes, which in turn produce platelets
Objective 4:
Define: Myelopoiesis
The production of bone marrow or bone marrow cells
Objective 4:
Define: Lymphopoiesis
The production of lympocytes or lymphatic tissue
Objective 4:
Define: Cellular Immunity
Cells, specifically the T cell, that attack a cell of interest that contain a non-self antigen
Objective 4:
Define: Humoral Immunity
Cells, specifically the B cell, that attack a cell of interest that contain a non-self antigen by production of antibodies
Objective 4:
Define: Innate immunity
Immunity that is present at birth prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen
Objective 5: List changes that occur during cell maturation in a cell’s nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleus
- Loss of nucleoli
- Decrease in size
- Condensing chromatin
- Nuclear shape changes (granulocytes)
- Loss of nucleus (RBCs)
Cytoplasm
- Decrease in basophilia
- Increased amount of cytoplasm
- Granule production
Objective 6: List the Stages of Neutrophil Maturation
- Myeloblast
- Promyelocyte
- Myelocyte
- Metamyelocyte
- Band Neutrophil
- Segmented Neutrophil
Objective 7: Describe and identify the location of neutrophils pools within and outside the bone marrow
Bone Marrow Neutrophil Pool
- Proliferation (Mitotic) Pool (actively dividing)
HSCs to Myelocytes
- Maturation (Storage) Pool (nuclear/cytoplasmic
maturation)
Metas to Segs
Neutrophil Pools Outside of Bone Marrow
- Marginated Pool
Endothelial lining of capillaries, spleen, liver
- Circulating Pool
In the peripheral blood
- Tissue Pool
In the tissues in response to infection/inflammation
Objective 9: Identify the primary functions of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, and the three (3) types of lymphocytes
Neutrophil: Phagocytosis of bacteria
Eosinophil: APC; increased in parasitic infections and allergic disorders
Basophils/Mast cells: initiate and modulate allergic inflammations; helminth infections
Monocyte/Macrophage: Phagocytosis, APC, removal of debris and dead cells, storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis
B-cell: AB production, APC
T-cell: Killing targeted cells directly; regulating immune response
NK cell: Killing tumor and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization
Objective 4:
Define: Chemotaxis
Neutrophil recruitment to the inflammatory site
Objective 10: Briefly describe what happens at each of the five steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade
- Capture: draws WBCs closer to the endothelium of the blood vessel
- Rolling: Adhere to the endothelium and begins to roll
- Slow Rolling: WBC velocity decreases
- requires selectins (endothelium) and integrins (WBC) to occur - Firm Adhesion: Integrin is required for firm adhesion to the endothelium
- Transmigration: Escaping into the tissue
Objective 11: Compare and contrast basophils and mast cells with regard to kinetics and maturation
They are similar in regards to their function and granulation; however, they possess their own distinct lineage
Basophils originate and mature in the BM
Mast cells originate in the BM, but mature in the tissue
Objective 6: List the Stages of Monocyte Maturation
- Monoblast
- Promonocyte
- Monocyte
Objective 6: List the Stages of Lymphocyte Maturation (B & T cells)
B-cell
1. Pro-B
2. Pre-B
3. Immature B
4. Mature B
T-cell
1. Pro-T
2. Pre-T
3. Immature T
4. Mature T
Identify
Myeloblast
Hint: No granules
Identify
Promyelocyte
Hint: Emergence of primary granules (red/purple coloration)
