Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Objective 1: Define Monophyletic Theory

A

All blood cells are derived from a single pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

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2
Q

Objective 2: Describe the effect of cytokines and growth factors on stem cells

A
  • Modulate the activities of other cells
  • Stimulation or inhibition of replication,
    differentiation, and/or trafficking of cells
  • Has varied effect on HSCs depending on
    maturation stage, concentration, etc.
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3
Q

Objective 3: Match the following Colony Stimulating Factors with the cell line that responds to its presence: GM-csf, Meg-csf, G-csf, M-csf

A

GM-csf: Granulocyte and Macrophage
Meg-csf: Megakaryocyte
G-csf: Granulocyte
M-csf: Monocyte

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4
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death – a normal physiologic process

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5
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Necrosis

A

Accidental cell death (i.e. trauma)

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6
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Erythropoiesis

A

The production of red blood cells

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7
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Leukopoiesis

A

The production of white blood cells

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8
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Megakaryopoiesis

A

The production of megakaryocytes, which in turn produce platelets

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9
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Myelopoiesis

A

The production of bone marrow or bone marrow cells

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10
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Lymphopoiesis

A

The production of lympocytes or lymphatic tissue

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11
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Cellular Immunity

A

Cells, specifically the T cell, that attack a cell of interest that contain a non-self antigen

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12
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Humoral Immunity

A

Cells, specifically the B cell, that attack a cell of interest that contain a non-self antigen by production of antibodies

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13
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Innate immunity

A

Immunity that is present at birth prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen

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14
Q

Objective 5: List changes that occur during cell maturation in a cell’s nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Nucleus
- Loss of nucleoli
- Decrease in size
- Condensing chromatin
- Nuclear shape changes (granulocytes)
- Loss of nucleus (RBCs)

Cytoplasm
- Decrease in basophilia
- Increased amount of cytoplasm
- Granule production

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15
Q

Objective 6: List the Stages of Neutrophil Maturation

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band Neutrophil
  6. Segmented Neutrophil
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16
Q

Objective 7: Describe and identify the location of neutrophils pools within and outside the bone marrow

A

Bone Marrow Neutrophil Pool
- Proliferation (Mitotic) Pool (actively dividing)
HSCs to Myelocytes
- Maturation (Storage) Pool (nuclear/cytoplasmic
maturation)
Metas to Segs

Neutrophil Pools Outside of Bone Marrow
- Marginated Pool
Endothelial lining of capillaries, spleen, liver
- Circulating Pool
In the peripheral blood
- Tissue Pool
In the tissues in response to infection/inflammation

17
Q

Objective 9: Identify the primary functions of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, and the three (3) types of lymphocytes

A

Neutrophil: Phagocytosis of bacteria
Eosinophil: APC; increased in parasitic infections and allergic disorders
Basophils/Mast cells: initiate and modulate allergic inflammations; helminth infections
Monocyte/Macrophage: Phagocytosis, APC, removal of debris and dead cells, storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis
B-cell: AB production, APC
T-cell: Killing targeted cells directly; regulating immune response
NK cell: Killing tumor and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization

18
Q

Objective 4:
Define: Chemotaxis

A

Neutrophil recruitment to the inflammatory site

19
Q

Objective 10: Briefly describe what happens at each of the five steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade

A
  1. Capture: draws WBCs closer to the endothelium of the blood vessel
  2. Rolling: Adhere to the endothelium and begins to roll
  3. Slow Rolling: WBC velocity decreases
    - requires selectins (endothelium) and integrins (WBC) to occur
  4. Firm Adhesion: Integrin is required for firm adhesion to the endothelium
  5. Transmigration: Escaping into the tissue
20
Q

Objective 11: Compare and contrast basophils and mast cells with regard to kinetics and maturation

A

They are similar in regards to their function and granulation; however, they possess their own distinct lineage
Basophils originate and mature in the BM
Mast cells originate in the BM, but mature in the tissue

21
Q

Objective 6: List the Stages of Monocyte Maturation

A
  1. Monoblast
  2. Promonocyte
  3. Monocyte
22
Q

Objective 6: List the Stages of Lymphocyte Maturation (B & T cells)

A

B-cell
1. Pro-B
2. Pre-B
3. Immature B
4. Mature B

T-cell
1. Pro-T
2. Pre-T
3. Immature T
4. Mature T

23
Q

Identify

A

Myeloblast

Hint: No granules

24
Q

Identify

A

Promyelocyte

Hint: Emergence of primary granules (red/purple coloration)

25
Q

Identify

A

Myelocyte

Hint: Emergence of secondary granules leading to pink coloration of the cytoplasm, Flattening of one side of the nucleus, “Clearing” near the nucleus – Hof area

26
Q

Identify

A

Metamyelocyte

Hint: Indented nucleus (less than 50%)

27
Q

Identify

A

Band Neutrophil

Hint: Constricted without filament

28
Q

Identify

A

Segmented Neutrophil

Hint: 2-5 lobes with filament

29
Q

Identify

A

A: Metamyelocyte
B. Promyelocyte
C. Myeloblast

30
Q

Identify

A

A: nRBC
B: Band Neutrophil
C. Myelocyte
D. Metamyelocyte

31
Q

Identify

A

Basophil

32
Q

Identify

A

Promonocyte and Monocyte

33
Q

Identify

A

Macrophage

Hint: Will only be observed in BM, body fluids, tissues