Exam 2 Material Flashcards
Name the six maturation stages of the neutrophilic cell series beginning with the myeloblast.
- Myeloblast
- Promyelocyte
- Myelocyte
- Metamyelocyte
- Band Neutrophil
- Segmented Neutrophil
Name the three compartments in which granulocytes are found within the body.
- Bone Marrow
- Circulation
- Tissue
Discuss the bone marrow’s two responses to an increase in demand for granulocytes in the tissues.
- Migration from storage pool to PB – “shift to left”
2. Increased production
Describe the four stages of phagocytosis.
- Opsonization – recognition and adhering to pathogen
- Ingestion – extending pseudopods around pathogen creating a vacuole
- Degranulation – release of cytoplasmic enzymes into vacuole
- Exocytosis – expelling the residues of the pathogen-contained vacuole
Name the major function of the following leukocytes:
a. Basophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Neutrophils
a. Basophils: granules contain the majority of histamine and heparin in the body
b. Eosinophils: aggregate at site of Ag-Ab complexes and phagocytize these complexes – increased in allergic reactions and parasite infections
c. Neutrophils: involved in tissue damage or infection, mainly bacterial – eliminates via phagocytosis
Name the three major cell types found in the RES…including the organs in which each is seen.
- Reticulum cells
• Located in: spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow - Endothelial cells
• Located in: spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and liver - Free macrophages (or histiocytes)
• Located in: spleen, bone marrow, and lung
List five general functions of the RES.
- Phagocytosis: of particular matter (i.e. bacteria, inclusion bodies, pyknotic cells)
- Humoral defense: antibody production
- Hematopoiesis: medullary and extramedullary
- Storage: 1/3 the population of platelets
- Metabolism: mainly proteins and lipids
Describe the two major functions of the macrophage.
- Phagocytosis – clearance of organisms and damaged/senescent cells
- Participation in the immune response – trapping antigen and processing it into a more antigenic form which stimulates an
antibody production
Name the white blood cell that is known to recirculate between blood and lymph.
Lymphocyte
List the two secondary lymphoid organs.
- Lymph nodes
2. Spleen
List the two primary lymphoid organs.
- Bone Marrow
2. Thymus
B lymphocyte
a. origin
b. branch of the immune system (include example)
c. function
d: life span
a. derived from bone marrow
b. Humoral immunity
c. antibody production, immediate hypersensitivity
d. < 5 days
T lymphocyte
a. origin
b. branch of the immune system (include example)
c. function
d: life span
a. Bone marrow, developed under the influence of thymus
b. Cellular immunity
c. Defense against intracellular organisms, neoplasms, delayed hypersensitivity
d. months to years
State the major function of the lymphatic system.
Collect and dispose of lymph, a watery extravascular fluid of tissues
State four functions of the spleen.
- Filtration
- Cell grooming
- Reservoir
- Immunity
State the final stage of B cell maturation.
Plasma cell
Define the following:
Hof area
Perinuclear clearing zone visibly seen in plasma cells upon microscopic examination
State the reference values for the following:
a. WBC count
b. WBC differential
a. 4.5 - 11.5 x 10^3 uL
b. 50-70% Segs
20-40% Lymphs
1-10% Monos
1-5% Eos
0-6% Bands
0-2% Basos
State the Coulter Principle of cell counting and sizing.
An electrical current is established between two (2) submerged electrodes – cell suspension is drawn through an aperture by a vacuum, as the cells continue their passage a resistance of the electrical current takes place – this creates a pulse that can be counted and sized.
Discuss the Coulter Principle according to what is indicated by:
a. number of pulses on oscilloscope
b. amplitude of the electrical pulse
a. number of cells
b. cell volume
Identify the three subpopulations of the WBC histogram.
What data do they provide?
- Lymphocytes
- Mononuclear cells
- Granulocytes
Average particle size
Distribution of particles about the mean
Presence of subpopulations
- Discuss correcting a white cell count for the presence of nucleated red blood cells including the:
a. reason for the correction
b. guideline when correction is done
c. formula
a. Falsely elevated WBC count
b. >5 nRBCs/100 WBCs
c. WBC X 100/nRBCs + 100
Mechanism of platelet release?
Budding/Shedding: megakaryocyte releases cytoplasmic fragments through the endothelial gaps in bone marrow
Sites of thrombopoiesis?
Medullary: Bone Marrow
Extramedullary: Lung
Regulatory mechanism?
Thrombopoietin, a hormone produced by the kidney, acts on stem cells committed to the megakaryocyte cell line
Name the two pools into which platelets are distributed.
- Circulatory Pool – 2/3 of platelet mass
2. Splenic Pool – 1/3 of platelet mass
State the average platelet’s life span.
8-12 days
Describe four functions of platelets.
- Primary hemostasis – formation of a platelet plug
- Secondary hemostasis – platelet plug stabilized by fibrin
- Shrinkage of clot by thromsthenin
- Maintain vessel integrity – platelets repair small vessel injuries by filling the gaps in the endothelial lining
State the diluting fluid used when performing a manual platelet count.
Ammonium oxalate
Discuss how the following will affect an electronic platelet count according to false increases/decreases as well as the protocol for which a valid platelet count may be obtained:
a. Giant platelets
b. Hemolyzed sample
c. Platelet clumps
Platelet satellitism
Total platelets: (average) # platelets x 20,000
a. Due to its sheer size, the methodology would inadvertently electronic count this platelet not as it is (Falsely low)
b. Results in increased schitocytes, due to the RBCs breaking open, they will get counted inadvertently as platelets (Falsely high)
c. In vitro phenomena with the EDTA, redraw in Sodium Citrate tube (possesses more anticoagulation within tube) to prevent this from occurring (Falsely low)
Describe the procedure to follow when noticing that no platelets are seen when performing a differential prepared directly from a capillary puncture.
Microtrauma exists when performing a capillary puncture – platelets will come quickly to the area to seal the wound
Platelet Satellitism: platelets surround WBCs, specifically neutrophils, in response to EDTA, sodium citrate needed
Examine specimen for clot – take a couple of wooden sticks and “swirl” around
No clot? Check the feather edge of a wright stain smear for platelet clumps
State the reference value for platelet counts.
150,000-450,000 uL
