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Psych brain and behaviour > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Electricity

A

a flow of information that goes from a place with high charge to a place of low charge

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2
Q

electrical potential

A

the ability to do work using stored electrical energy
-measured in volts

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3
Q

biological tissue

A

-if it contains an electrical charge this charge can be recorded
-if it is sensitive to an electrical charge the tissue can be stimulated

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4
Q

negative pole

A

-the source of electrons
-the higher charge

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5
Q

positive pole

A

location to which electrons flow, lower charge

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6
Q

Galvani idea

A

-electrical current applied to a dissected nerve induced a twitch in the muscle connected to the nerve p[roving electricity flows through the nerve

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7
Q

electrical stimulation

A

-passing an electrical current from the tip of an electrode through brain tissue resulti9g in changes in electrical activity in the tissue

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8
Q

Richard caton

A

-first attempt to measure electrical currents of the brain using a voltmeter and electrodes on the skull
-early evidence that neurons send electrical messages

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9
Q

electroencephalogram

A

-graph that records electrical activity through the skull or from the brain and represents graded potentials of many neurons

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10
Q

von helmholtz

A

stimulated brain nerve to calculate the speed at which information travels
-discovered information in nervous system moved to slow to be electricity

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11
Q

Julius Bernstein

A

-must be neuronal chemistry based on ions that produce the electrical charges in the brain

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12
Q

voltmeter

A

detects a change in the electrical charge on the axons membrane as the wave passes

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13
Q

volt

A

a measure of difference in electrical potential

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14
Q

Oscilloscope

A

-a device that serves a sensitive voltmeter
-used to record voltage on a single axon

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15
Q

Microelectrodes

A

-a set of electrodes small enough to place on or in an axon
-can be used to measure a neurons electrical activity
-or deliver an electrical current to a single neuron

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16
Q

cations

A

positively charged ions
such as sodium and potassium

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17
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions
such as chloride

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18
Q

concentration gradient

A

relative abundance of substance in space
-stuff diffuses from areas with higher concentration to lower concentration

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19
Q

voltage gradient

A

difference in charge between two regions that allows a flow of current if the two regions are connected

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20
Q

Efflux

A

outflow of chloride concentration gradient
-counteracted by the influx which is the inward flow of chloride ions down the chloride voltage gradient

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21
Q

Resting potential

A

electrical charge across the cell membrane in the absence of stimulation
-the inside of the membrane at rest is -70 millivolts

22
Q

4 particles that produce resting potential

A

-sodium and chloride are in higher concentrations outside of the cell
-potassium and negatively large proteins are higher concentration inside of the cell

23
Q

inside the cell

A

large protein anions are manufactured inside the cell
-no membrane channels are large enough to allow these proteins to leave the cell
-cells accumulate positively charged potassium ions to balance out the negative protein anion charge

24
Q

outside of cell

A

sodium ions are kept out
-the difference in concentrations of sodium contributes to the membranes resting potential

25
sodium potassium pumps
-regulate sodium and potassium flow -2 potassium's in 3 sodium's out
26
hyperpolarization
increase in electrical charge across a membrane -usually due to an inward flow of chloride or outward flow of potassium
27
depolarization
-decrease in electrical charge across a membrane(more positive) -usually due to influx of sodium
28
Action potential
Large brief reversal in polarity of an axon -lasts 1 millisecond -voltage across membrane suddenly reverses -intracellular side more positive than extracellular side
29
voltage activated ion channels
-gated protein channels that open or close only at specific membrane voltages
30
sodium and potassium
their pump is closed at the membranes resting potential. as soon as the voltage crosses -50 mv the channel opens creating an action potential
31
threshold potential
-voltage at which an action potential is triggered -about-50mv relative to extracellular surround -na and k voltage activated channels are tuned to the threshold of -50
32
sequence of actions when threshold is hit
1. voltage activated channels open breifly. k+ and na+ channels open. 2. sodium channels respond faster than potassium -voltage change due to Na influx takes place before voltage change due to k efflux
33
absolute refractory period
-the state of an axon in the depolarizing and or repolarizing period, during which a new action potential cannot be elicited
34
relative refractory period
during hyperpolarization an action potential can only occur with a stronger electrical stimulus
35
nerve impulse
-propagation of an action potential on the membrane of an axon -size and shape of action potential remains constant along the axon
36
refractory periods
-prevent the action potential from reversing direction -produce a single discrete impulsion that travels away from the point of initial stimulation
37
myelin
-produced by oligodendroglia cells in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS -it helps speed up neural impulses
38
Node of Ranvier
-part of the axon not covered by myelin -packed with voltage activating channels -enables saltatory conduction -generate force of action potential
39
saltatory conduction
the action potential jumping from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier where they keep sending the impulse down the axon adding more energy every time
40
AP propagation
propagation is energetically cheaper since AP regenerate at the nodes of Ranvier -AP in unmyelinated axons have higher metabolic costs
41
Multiple sclerosis
-the myelin is damaged -disrupts the functioning of neurons -sensory loss, difficulty of movement and fatigue -symptoms come on suddenly
42
excitatory postsynapic potential
-breif depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation -depolerized neuron is more likely to produce an action potential -influx of NA
43
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
-brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation -hyperpolarized neuron is less likely to produce an action potential efflux of K or influx of Cl
44
Temporal summation
-pulses that occur at approximately the same time on a membrane are summed
45
spatial summation
-pulses that occur at approximately the same place on a membrane are summed
46
summation of inputs
-a Neuron sums all inputs that are close in time and space -it provides an indication of the summed influences of multiple inputs -if the summed input exceeds the threshold an action potential will be initiated
47
The axon hillock
-junction of cell body and axon -rich in voltage activated channels -where EPSP's and IPSP's are integrated -where action potentials are initiated
48
Back propagation
reverse movement of an action potential from the axon hillock into the dendritic field -may play a role in plastic changes in the neurons the underlie learning
49
optogenetics
ion channels rather than responding to voltage respond to light by allowing ions to pass
50
how can sensory stimulus initiate a nerve impulse
-we have many senses that turn outside stimuli into neuronal stimulation -neurons related to these diverse receptors all have ion channels on their cell membranes -these ion channels initiate the chain of events that produces a nerve impulse
51
How nerve impulses produce movment
-spinal motor neurons send nerve impulses to synapses on muscle cells -axon of each motor neuron makes one or more synapses with target muscle
52
End plate
-part of the muscle membrane that is contacted by the axon terminal -activated by a release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the terminal of a motor neuron

Psych brain and behaviour (10 decks)

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