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Psych brain and behaviour > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Electricity

A

a flow of information that goes from a place with high charge to a place of low charge

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2
Q

electrical potential

A

the ability to do work using stored electrical energy
-measured in volts

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3
Q

biological tissue

A

-if it contains an electrical charge this charge can be recorded
-if it is sensitive to an electrical charge the tissue can be stimulated

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4
Q

negative pole

A

-the source of electrons
-the higher charge

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5
Q

positive pole

A

location to which electrons flow, lower charge

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6
Q

Galvani idea

A

-electrical current applied to a dissected nerve induced a twitch in the muscle connected to the nerve p[roving electricity flows through the nerve

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7
Q

electrical stimulation

A

-passing an electrical current from the tip of an electrode through brain tissue resulti9g in changes in electrical activity in the tissue

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8
Q

Richard caton

A

-first attempt to measure electrical currents of the brain using a voltmeter and electrodes on the skull
-early evidence that neurons send electrical messages

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9
Q

electroencephalogram

A

-graph that records electrical activity through the skull or from the brain and represents graded potentials of many neurons

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10
Q

von helmholtz

A

stimulated brain nerve to calculate the speed at which information travels
-discovered information in nervous system moved to slow to be electricity

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11
Q

Julius Bernstein

A

-must be neuronal chemistry based on ions that produce the electrical charges in the brain

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12
Q

voltmeter

A

detects a change in the electrical charge on the axons membrane as the wave passes

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13
Q

volt

A

a measure of difference in electrical potential

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14
Q

Oscilloscope

A

-a device that serves a sensitive voltmeter
-used to record voltage on a single axon

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15
Q

Microelectrodes

A

-a set of electrodes small enough to place on or in an axon
-can be used to measure a neurons electrical activity
-or deliver an electrical current to a single neuron

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16
Q

cations

A

positively charged ions
such as sodium and potassium

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17
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions
such as chloride

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18
Q

concentration gradient

A

relative abundance of substance in space
-stuff diffuses from areas with higher concentration to lower concentration

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19
Q

voltage gradient

A

difference in charge between two regions that allows a flow of current if the two regions are connected

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20
Q

Efflux

A

outflow of chloride concentration gradient
-counteracted by the influx which is the inward flow of chloride ions down the chloride voltage gradient

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21
Q

Resting potential

A

electrical charge across the cell membrane in the absence of stimulation
-the inside of the membrane at rest is -70 millivolts

22
Q

4 particles that produce resting potential

A

-sodium and chloride are in higher concentrations outside of the cell
-potassium and negatively large proteins are higher concentration inside of the cell

23
Q

inside the cell

A

large protein anions are manufactured inside the cell
-no membrane channels are large enough to allow these proteins to leave the cell
-cells accumulate positively charged potassium ions to balance out the negative protein anion charge

24
Q

outside of cell

A

sodium ions are kept out
-the difference in concentrations of sodium contributes to the membranes resting potential

25
Q

sodium potassium pumps

A

-regulate sodium and potassium flow
-2 potassium’s in 3 sodium’s out

26
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in electrical charge across a membrane
-usually due to an inward flow of chloride or outward flow of potassium

27
Q

depolarization

A

-decrease in electrical charge across a membrane(more positive)
-usually due to influx of sodium

28
Q

Action potential

A

Large brief reversal in polarity of an axon
-lasts 1 millisecond
-voltage across membrane suddenly reverses
-intracellular side more positive than extracellular side

29
Q

voltage activated ion channels

A

-gated protein channels that open or close only at specific membrane voltages

30
Q

sodium and potassium

A

their pump is closed at the membranes resting potential. as soon as the voltage crosses -50 mv the channel opens creating an action potential

31
Q

threshold potential

A

-voltage at which an action potential is triggered
-about-50mv relative to extracellular surround
-na and k voltage activated channels are tuned to the threshold of -50

32
Q

sequence of actions when threshold is hit

A
  1. voltage activated channels open breifly. k+ and na+ channels open.
  2. sodium channels respond faster than potassium
    -voltage change due to Na influx takes place before voltage change due to k efflux
33
Q

absolute refractory period

A

-the state of an axon in the depolarizing and or repolarizing period, during which a new action potential cannot be elicited

34
Q

relative refractory period

A

during hyperpolarization an action potential can only occur with a stronger electrical stimulus

35
Q

nerve impulse

A

-propagation of an action potential on the membrane of an axon
-size and shape of action potential remains constant along the axon

36
Q

refractory periods

A

-prevent the action potential from reversing direction
-produce a single discrete impulsion that travels away from the point of initial stimulation

37
Q

myelin

A

-produced by oligodendroglia cells in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS
-it helps speed up neural impulses

38
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

-part of the axon not covered by myelin
-packed with voltage activating channels
-enables saltatory conduction
-generate force of action potential

39
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the action potential jumping from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier where they keep sending the impulse down the axon adding more energy every time

40
Q

AP propagation

A

propagation is energetically cheaper since AP regenerate at the nodes of Ranvier
-AP in unmyelinated axons have higher metabolic costs

41
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

-the myelin is damaged
-disrupts the functioning of neurons
-sensory loss, difficulty of movement and fatigue
-symptoms come on suddenly

42
Q

excitatory postsynapic potential

A

-breif depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation
-depolerized neuron is more likely to produce an action potential
-influx of NA

43
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

-brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation
-hyperpolarized neuron is less likely to produce an action potential
efflux of K or influx of Cl

44
Q

Temporal summation

A

-pulses that occur at approximately the same time on a membrane are summed

45
Q

spatial summation

A

-pulses that occur at approximately the same place on a membrane are summed

46
Q

summation of inputs

A

-a Neuron sums all inputs that are close in time and space
-it provides an indication of the summed influences of multiple inputs
-if the summed input exceeds the threshold an action potential will be initiated

47
Q

The axon hillock

A

-junction of cell body and axon
-rich in voltage activated channels
-where EPSP’s and IPSP’s are integrated
-where action potentials are initiated

48
Q

Back propagation

A

reverse movement of an action potential from the axon hillock into the dendritic field
-may play a role in plastic changes in the neurons the underlie learning

49
Q

optogenetics

A

ion channels rather than responding to voltage respond to light by allowing ions to pass

50
Q

how can sensory stimulus initiate a nerve impulse

A

-we have many senses that turn outside stimuli into neuronal stimulation
-neurons related to these diverse receptors all have ion channels on their cell membranes
-these ion channels initiate the chain of events that produces a nerve impulse

51
Q

How nerve impulses produce movment

A

-spinal motor neurons send nerve impulses to synapses on muscle cells
-axon of each motor neuron makes one or more synapses with target muscle

52
Q

End plate

A

-part of the muscle membrane that is contacted by the axon terminal
-activated by a release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the terminal of a motor neuron

Psych brain and behaviour (10 decks)

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