Lesson 8

Question 1

Protein making

Answer 1

-DNA strands unwind to expose bases, this attracts free floating nucleotides which produce RNA the RNA then detaches and carries the code outside of the cell for transcription

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

-Early phase of protein synthesis in which the DNA strands unwind and a complementary strand of messenger RNA is produced

Question 3

Translation

Answer 3

-later phase of protein synthesis in which the messenger RNA travels from the nucleus to the ER
-MRNA is translated into a particular sequence off amino acids to form a protein

Question 4

Amino acids

Answer 4

-Building blocks that form polypeptides and proteins
-fundemental for protein synthesis

Question 5

polypeptide chain

Answer 5

-a series of amino acids

Question 6

What do proteins do

Answer 6

-regulate the flow of substances across the membrane
-can be exported from cell to cell
-can act as a messenger molecule

Question 7

Golgi bodies

Answer 7

-package proteins in membranes and give them a label indicating where they go

Question 8

microtubules

Answer 8

-Transport the vesicles to their destination inside or outside of the cell

Question 9

what changes the shape of proteins

Answer 9

-can change shape when other chemicals bond to them or in response to electrical charge
-shape change resembles the lock on a door

Question 10

channel membrane crossing

Answer 10

ions can cross a cell membrane through the appropriate shaped channel

Question 11

Gate membrane crossing

Answer 11

• a gate channel changes shape to allow passage of substances when gates are open

Question 12

Pump membrane crossing

Answer 12

-a pump transporter changes shape to carry substances across a cell membrane

Question 13

Mendelian genetics

Answer 13

-studies on how genes influence our traits
-named after Gregor Mendel

Question 14

autosomes

Answer 14

-pairs 1 through 22 of the chromosome pairs in the nucleus, contains genes that contribute most to our physical appearance and behaviour functions

Question 15

sex chromosomes

Answer 15

-contribute to our physical and behavioural sexual characteristics

Question 16

complete dominance

Answer 16

-only the dominant alleles trait is expressed in the phenotype

Question 17

Incomplete dominance

Answer 17

-the phenotypic expression of the dominant alleles trait is only partial

Question 18

codominance

Answer 18

-the traits of both alleles of a gene pair are expressed completely in the phenotype

Question 19

How do genetic mutations occur

Answer 19

-errors can arise in the nucleotide sequence when reproductive cells make gene copies
-mutations can be very small

Question 20

genetic disorders

Answer 20

-results from an aberration in part of chromosome rather than a single defective allele

Question 21

Down syndrome

Answer 21

-caused by having an extra chromosome 21 so they have 3 chromosome 21s instead of 2
-normally the mother passes on 2 chromosome 21s and the dad passes 1

Question 22

Selective breeding

Answer 22

-mating animals that have good traits together so that their offspring also have that trait, for example breeding fat cows together to get bigger cows.

Question 23

Cloning

Answer 23

-producing an offspring that is genetically identical to another animal.
-clones can be use to preserve valuable traits, to study the influence of heredity and enviorment or to produce new tissue or organs for transplant to the donor

Question 24

Transgenic techinique

Answer 24

-introducing genes into an embryo or removing genes from an embryo