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Psych 1100 > lesson 9 > Flashcards

lesson 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Study of continuity and change across the lifespan

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2
Q

Germinal stage

A

2‐week period that begins at conception

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3
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

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4
Q

Embryonic stage

A

Period that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

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5
Q

Fetal stage

A

Period that lasts from the 9th week until birth

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6
Q

Myelination

A

Formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

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7
Q

womb

A

an environment that affects an unborn baby in many ways.

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8
Q

placenta

A

the organ that links the blood streams of the mother to the unborn baby that permits the exchange of materials.

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9
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses

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10
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

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11
Q

Infancy

A

Stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

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12
Q

Cephalocaudal rule

A

‘Top‐to‐bottom’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

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13
Q

Proximodistal rule

A

‘Inside‐to‐outside’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery

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14
Q

Cognitive development

A

Emergence of the ability to think and understand

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15
Q

Jean Piaget

A

(1896‐1980) created stages of cognitive development.

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16
Q

Sensorimotor stage (birth‐2 years)

A

Infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

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17
Q

Schemas

A

Theories about or models of the way the world works

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18
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which infants apply their schemas in novel

situations

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19
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

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20
Q

Object permanence

A

Idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

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21
Q

Preoperational stage (2‐6years)

A

Children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world

22
Q

Concrete operational stage (6‐11years)

A

Children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects

23
Q

Conservation

A

Notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance

24
Q

Formal operational stage (11years+)

A

Children can solve non‐ physical problems; abstract thinking

25
Q

Childhood

A

Stage of development that begins at about 18‐24 months and lasts until adolescence

26
Q

Egocentrism

A

Failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers; observed during preoperational stage

27
Q

Theory of mind

A

Idea that human behaviour is guided by mental representations

28
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

(1896‐1934) believed children develop through interactions with members of his/her own culture.

29
Q

Joint attention

A

Ability to focus on what another person is focused on

30
Q

Social referencing

A

Ability to use another person’s reactions as information about the world

31
Q

Imitation

A

Ability to do what another person does

32
Q

Harry Harlow

A

(1905‐1981) conducted attachment experiments with baby monkeys.

33
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

(1903‐1989) discovered imprinting in newly hatched goslings.

34
Q

John Bowlby

A

(1907‐1990) argued that infants innately channel signals to primary caregivers to form attachment.

35
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional bond that forms between new borns and their primary caregivers

36
Q

Strange situation

A

Behavioural test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style

37
Q

Internal working model of relationships

A

Set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them

38
Q

Temperaments

A

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity.

39
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

(1927‐1987) developed a theory of three stages in moral development

40
Q

Preconventional stage (childhood)

A

Morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

41
Q

Conventional stage (adolescence)

A

Morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

42
Q

Postconventional stage (adults)

A

Morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

43
Q

Moral intuitionist perspective

A

Perceptions of right and wrong are evolutionarily emotional reactions

44
Q

Adolescence

A

Period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11‐14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18‐21 years of age)

45
Q

Puberty

A

Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

46
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Bodily structures that are directly involved in

reproduction

47
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

48
Q

Erik Erikson

A

(1902‐1994) developed stages of human development

that all humans go through.

49
Q

Adulthood

A

Stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death.

50
Q

socio‐emotional selectivity theory

A

states that younger adults are oriented toward future‐pertinent (useful) information while older adults focus on (positive) emotional satisfaction in the present, perhaps because of shortened futures.

Psych 1100 (9 decks)

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