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Psych 1100 > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rationalism.

A

is the belief that truth is discovered by reason and factual analysis.

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2
Q

Empiricism.

A

is the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation.

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3
Q

Replication.

A

involves conducting a study in the exact same manner as a previous study in order to the confirm the findings from that study.

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4
Q

Rule of parsimony.

A

Simplest theory that explains all the evidence is

the best one

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5
Q

tenacity

A

I believe X because that’s

what I’ve always heard.

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6
Q

AUTHORITY

A

I believe X because Y says it’s true.

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7
Q

EXPERIENCE

A

I believe X because I see it all the time.

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8
Q

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

A

Systematic or formal observation to obtain objective, reliable, valid, and often quantitative measures of the matter of interest.

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9
Q

LOGICAL REASONING

A

A system of rules regarding the

relationship between premises and conclusions.

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10
Q

Experimental method

A

A set of rules and techniques for observation

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11
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects.

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12
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

-Summarize data
– Organize data
– Simplify data

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13
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Calculations that determine whether an IV had a significant effect

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14
Q

Parameter

A

Numerical values summarizing population data

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15
Q

Sample

A

A set of individuals selected from a population

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16
Q

Statistic

A

Numerical values summarizing sample data

17
Q

Random Sample

A

Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study

18
Q

Convenience Sample

A

Participants are selected for their accessibility or ease of testing

19
Q

what is an issue with a Convenience Sample?

A

Representativeness

20
Q

Random Selection

A

Everyone in the population being studied has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study

21
Q

Random Assignment

A

Everyone in the study has an equal chance of being assigned to each of the study groups

22
Q

Sample error

A

The discrepancy, or amount of error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

23
Q

Variable

A

Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

24
Q

Data

A

Measurements or observations of a variable

25
Q

Datum

A

A single measurement or observation

26
Q

frequency distribution

A

An organized tabulation, Showing the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement

27
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Mathematical methods used too organize and summarize, or describe data

28
Q

Central tendency

A

– Mode: Value of the most frequently observed measurement
– Mean: Average value of all the measurements
– Median: Value that is in the middle

29
Q

Range

A

Value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement

30
Q

Standard deviation

A

Statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution calculated as the square root of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by the number of scores

31
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Two variables change systematically in the same direction, either increasing or decreasing together.

32
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Two variables change systematically in the opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases.

33
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Measure of the direction and strength of a correlation (r)

34
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

Variable directly manipulated by the researcher, Independent because no other variable influences its value

35
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

Response observed by the researcher, Dependent because its value is thought to depend on the IV

36
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Other unwanted uncontrolled for factors that could influence the DV, INVALIDATES AN EXPERIMENT

37
Q

Internal Validity

A

Characteristic of an experiment that established the causal relationship between variables

38
Q

External Validity

A

Property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or reaslistic way

39
Q

non‐experimental method

A

lacks the manipulation of IV, random assignment of participants to conditions, or both

Psych 1100 (9 decks)

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