Lesson 2 Flashcards
Rationalism.
is the belief that truth is discovered by reason and factual analysis.
Empiricism.
is the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation.
Replication.
involves conducting a study in the exact same manner as a previous study in order to the confirm the findings from that study.
Rule of parsimony.
Simplest theory that explains all the evidence is
the best one
tenacity
I believe X because that’s
what I’ve always heard.
AUTHORITY
I believe X because Y says it’s true.
EXPERIENCE
I believe X because I see it all the time.
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Systematic or formal observation to obtain objective, reliable, valid, and often quantitative measures of the matter of interest.
LOGICAL REASONING
A system of rules regarding the
relationship between premises and conclusions.
Experimental method
A set of rules and techniques for observation
Demand Characteristics
Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects.
Descriptive statistics
-Summarize data
– Organize data
– Simplify data
Inferential statistics
Calculations that determine whether an IV had a significant effect
Parameter
Numerical values summarizing population data
Sample
A set of individuals selected from a population
Statistic
Numerical values summarizing sample data
Random Sample
Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study
Convenience Sample
Participants are selected for their accessibility or ease of testing
what is an issue with a Convenience Sample?
Representativeness
Random Selection
Everyone in the population being studied has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study
Random Assignment
Everyone in the study has an equal chance of being assigned to each of the study groups
Sample error
The discrepancy, or amount of error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
Variable
Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals
Data
Measurements or observations of a variable
Datum
A single measurement or observation
frequency distribution
An organized tabulation, Showing the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement
Descriptive Statistics
Mathematical methods used too organize and summarize, or describe data
Central tendency
– Mode: Value of the most frequently observed measurement
– Mean: Average value of all the measurements
– Median: Value that is in the middle
Range
Value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement
Standard deviation
Statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution calculated as the square root of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by the number of scores
Positive Correlation
Two variables change systematically in the same direction, either increasing or decreasing together.
Negative Correlation
Two variables change systematically in the opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases.
Correlation Coefficient
Measure of the direction and strength of a correlation (r)
Independent Variable (IV)
Variable directly manipulated by the researcher, Independent because no other variable influences its value
Dependent Variable (DV)
Response observed by the researcher, Dependent because its value is thought to depend on the IV
Extraneous Variables
Other unwanted uncontrolled for factors that could influence the DV, INVALIDATES AN EXPERIMENT
Internal Validity
Characteristic of an experiment that established the causal relationship between variables
External Validity
Property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or reaslistic way
non‐experimental method
lacks the manipulation of IV, random assignment of participants to conditions, or both
