Lesson 1 Flashcards
When was Plato alive?
428 BC- 348 BC.
Who was Plato?
Greek philosopher,
Student of Socrates,
Teacher of Aristotle,
Introduced nativism.
Nativism.
The idea that certain kinds of knowledge are inborn or innate.
What did Plato claim?
The human psyche was the seat of all knowledge and that the human mind was imprinted with all necessary knowledge.
When was Aristotle alive?
384 BC- 322 BC.
Who was Aristotle?
Greek philosopher and scientist,
Student of Plato,
Introduced philosophical empiricism,
Philosophical empiricism.
The idea that all knowledge is acquired through experience.
What did Aristotle believe?
He suggested three kinds of psyches, the nutritive soul, the sensitive soul, and the rational soul.
when was René Descartes alive?
1596‐1650.
who was Rene Descartes?
French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.
Main influences were theology and physics. Introduced dualism.
dualism.
the idea that the mind and body are separate entities that interact.
what did Rene Descartes believe?
the pineal gland was “the seat of the soul”.
physiology.
Branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms.
Phrenology.
Shape and size of cranium indicates character and mental abilities.
when was Hermann von Helmholtz alive?
1821-1894.
who was Hermann von Helmholtz?
German physician and physicist, Estimated the length of nerve impulses.
when was Wilhelm Wundt alive?
1832-1920
who was Wilhelm Wundt?
German physician, physiologist, and philosopher, Known as founding father of psychology.
what did Wilhelm Wundt do?
Uses scientific methods to study psychological processes. Focus on consciousness, the subjective experience of the world and the mind.
who Is Margaret Floy Washburn?
first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology (1894)
when was Edward Titchener alive?
1867-1927.
who was Edward Titchener?
British psychologist, Studied under Wilhelm
Wundt, Became a professor at Cornell University, introduced structuralism.
structuralism.
to describe the structure of the mind.
Two original movements in psychology?
Science of Psychology, Structuralism.
Functionalism.
Focus on how behaviours and mental processes function to allow people and animals to adapt to their environment.
when was William James alive?
1842-1910.
who was William James?
First to take a scientific approach to the study of psychology. Strong proponent of functionalism. American philosopher, psychologist, and physician.
when was Charles Darwin alive?
1809‐1882.
who was Charles Darwin?
English naturalist, geologist, and biologist. Known for his contributions to the science of evolution, the change in heritable characteristics over generations.
Natural selection
The features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations.
when was G. Stanley Hall alive?
1844-1924.
who was G. Stanley Hall?
Established the first psychological laboratory in North America. American psychologist and educator. Explored childhood development and evolutionary theory.
Hysteria
Temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences.
when was Jean‐Martin Charcot alive?
1825-1893.
who was Jean‐Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet?
Charcot and Janet studied patients with hysteria using hypnosis.
when was Pierre Janet alive?
1859‐1947.
when was Sigmund Freud alive?
1856 -1939.
who is Sigmund Freud?
Founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue. Austrian neurologist.
what did Sigmund Freud believe?
Defined the unconscious as the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness. Unconscious mental processes shape feeling, thoughts and behaviours. Believed that unconscious conflicts determine behaviour and personality.
Psychoanalysis.
Therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders.
when was Carl Jung alive?
1875-1961.
when was Alfred Adler alive?
1870-1937.
what did Carl Jung do?
developed analytical psychology which focuses on the individual and the personal seeking of wholeness.
what did Alfred Adler do?
developed individual psychology which focuses on the importance of inferiority.
Behaviourism.
Psychology as the scientific study of observable behaviour.
when was Ivan Pavlov alive?
1849-1936.
what did Ivan Pavlov do?
research on digestion led to the development of the first experimental model of learning and he discovered conditioned reflexes.
when was John Watson alive?
1878-1958.
what did John Watson do?
established the psychological school of behaviourism.
when was B. F. Skinner alive?
1904-1990.
what did B. F. Skinner do?
experiments on behaviour, learning, and conditioning.
Humanism.
Places emphasis on positive potential of human being with emphasis on self‐ determination, free will, and the importance of choice.
when was Carl Rogers alive?
1902-1987.
what did Carl Rogers do?
developed person‐ centred therapy, which has an emphasis on helping client’s move towards self‐actualization.
when was Abraham Maslow alive?
1908-1970.
what did Abraham Maslow do?
developed the needs hierarchy, a theory that psychologic health is a reflection of fulfilling innate human needs in priority.
Cognitive Psychology.
The scientific study of how perception, thought, memory, and reasoning are processed.
Social Psychology.
The study of the causes and consequences of sociality.
Evolutionary Psychology.
A psychological approach that explains mind and behaviour in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection.
Cultural Psychology.
The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members.
when was Max Wertheimer alive?
1880-1943.
who was Max Wertheimer?
Austro‐Hungarian psychologist. Focused on the study of illusions, errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality.
when was Hermann Ebbinghaus alive?
1850-1909.
who was Hermann Ebbinghaus?
German psychologist. Pioneered the experimental study of memory.
when was Frederick Bartlett alive?
1886‐1969.
who was Frederick Bartlett?
British psychologist, Explored memory, particularly as it related to every day functioning.
when was Jean Piaget alive?
1896-1980.
who was Jean Piaget?
Swiss psychologist, Studied perceptual and cognitive errors in children.
when was Kurt Lewin alive?
1890-1947.
who was Kurt Lewin?
German‐American psychologist, Argued that a person’s behaviour could be predicted best by understanding their subjective experience.
when was Donald Broadbent alive?
1926-1993.
who was Donald Broadbent?
British experimental psychologist, Showed that the limited capacity to handling incoming information leads to cognitive errors.
when was George Miller alive?
1920-2012.
who was George Miller?
American psychologist, Showed that the average limit of human short‐term memory is seven plus or minus two.
when was Noam Chomsky alive?
1928-.
who was Noam Chomsky?
American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and historian. Pointed out that even young children generate sentences they never heard before, and suggested that language is not learned by reinforcement.
Behavioural Neuroscience.
Studies the link between psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes.
Cognitive Neuroscience
Attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.
when was John Garcia alive?
1917-2012.
who is John Garcia?
American psychologist
