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Psych 1100 > lesson 7 > Flashcards

lesson 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

ability to store and retrieve information over time

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2
Q

encoding

A

Process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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3
Q

Storage

A

Process of maintaining information in memory over time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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5
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

Process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

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6
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

Process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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7
Q

Organizational encoding

A

Process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

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8
Q

Sensory memory

A

Storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

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9
Q

Iconic memory

A

Fast‐decaying store of visual information

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10
Q

Echoic memory

A

Fast‐ decaying store of auditory information

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11
Q

Short‐term memory (STM) or working memory

A

Storage that holds non‐sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute; can hold about 7 items

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12
Q

Rehearsal

A

Process of keeping information in STM by mentally repeating it

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13
Q

Chunking

A

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in STM

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14
Q

Working memory

A

Active maintenance of information in STM

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15
Q

Long‐term memory (LTM)

A

Storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity

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16
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to transfer new information from the

short‐term store into the long‐term store

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17
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

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18
Q

Consolidation

A

Process by which memories become stable in the brain

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19
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again

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20
Q

Long‐term potentiation (LTP)

A

Process where by communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

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21
Q

NMDA receptor

A

Receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTP

22
Q

Retrieval cues

A

External information that helps bring stored information to mind

23
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

Idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded

24
Q

State dependent retrieval

A

Tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

25
Q

Transfer‐appropriate processing

A

Memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

26
Q

Retrieval‐induced forgetting

A

Process by which retrieving an item from long‐ term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items (frontal lobe suppresses competing information)

27
Q

Explicit memory

A

Act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

28
Q

Implicit memory

A

Influence of past experiences on later behaviour, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

29
Q

Priming

A

Enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus; less cortical activation (perceptual and conceptual priming)

30
Q

Procedural memory

A

Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things

31
Q

Semantic memory

A

Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

32
Q

Episodic memory

A

Collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

33
Q

Collaborative memory

A

How people share in groups

34
Q

Social loafing

A

less effort in a group

35
Q

Transactive memory

A

group think

36
Q

Transience

A

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

37
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier

38
Q

Proactive interference

A

Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later

39
Q

Absentmindedness

A

Lapse in attention that results in memory failure

40
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to do things in the future

41
Q

Blocking

A

Failure to retrieve information that is available in memory

even though you are trying to produce it

42
Q

Memory misattribution

A

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

43
Q

Source memory

A

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

44
Q

False recognition

A

Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

45
Q

Suggestibility

A

Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

46
Q

Bias

A

Distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

47
Q

Consistency bias

A

Tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present

48
Q

Change bias

A

Tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past

49
Q

Egocentric bias

A

Tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

50
Q

Persistence

A

Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

51
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

Psych 1100 (9 decks)

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