Lesson 3 Flashcards
what did Charles Darwin propose a theory of?
proposed a theory of evolution that explains both the differences and the similarities between species
Genotype
The set of genes that an individual inherits
Phenotype
Observable properties of the body and
behavioral traits
Mitosis
When cells (other than reproductive cells) divide to create identical cells
Meiosis
Reproductive cells replicate and divide many times to create non‐identical cells
homozygous
When two genes at the same locus on a pair of chromosomes are the same, the individual is homozygous at that locus
heterozygous
When the two genes are not the same, the individual is heterozygous at that locus
Alleles
Different genes that can occupy the same locus, and thus can potentially pair with each other
dominant gene
A dominant gene is one that will produce its observable effects in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition
recessive gene
A recessive gene is one that will only produce its observable effects in the homozygous condition
what did Mendal come up with
the idea that genes come in pairs, and that one can be dominant over the other
Selective breeding
Modifying a specific behavior or characteristic by mating individuals with or without the specific characteristics
Epigenetics
examines gene‐regulating activity that doesn’t involve changes to the DNA code and that can persist through one or more generations
Artificial selection
Human‐controlled selective breeding
Natural selection
Selective breeding in nature
There are two sources of the genetic variability on which natural selection acts
– Reshuffling of genes during reproduction
– Mutations
Functionalism
The attempt to explain behavior in terms of what it accomplishes for the behaving individual
Homologies
similarities due to common ancestry
Analogies
similarities due to convergent evolution (independent evolution of similar traits)
Polygyny
Related to high female and low male parental investment
Polyandry
Related to high male and low female parental investment
Monogamy
Related to equivalent male and female parental investment
Promiscuity
Related to investment in the group
Cooperation
(helping others while also helping oneself, as in the case of wolves hunting together) is easy to understand evolutionarily
altruism
helping others at a net cost to one self
