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ROENT > Lesson 9&10 > Flashcards

Lesson 9&10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the xray generating apparatus?

A

°1. ELECTRICITY
°2. ELECTRICAL CURRENT
°3. ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

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2
Q

energy to make xrays
associated with presence and flow of electric charge or electrons around a circuit

A

ELECTRICITY

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3
Q

flow of electrical energy / electrons through a circuit measured in amperes

A

ELECTRIC CURRENT

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4
Q

path of electrical current

A

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

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5
Q

What are the flow of current in 2 phases?

A

1 positive phase
1 negative phase

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6
Q

first half-cycle

A

(positive phase)

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7
Q

•second half-cycle

A

(negative phase

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8
Q

First half cycle current
flows; ______ produced

A

x-rays

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9
Q

second
half-cycle> no _________; no x-
ray production.

A

current flow,

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10
Q

therefore, in xray production
There is a change in polarity of the anode
and cathode that occurs
6ox /sec

A

Reverse voltage

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11
Q

•60-cycle AC
l
• 6o pulses of x-rays emitted every second
l
• Duration: ______ sec

A

1/120

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12
Q

**rays are produced in the form of______

A

impulses

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13
Q

•the tube does its own rectification

A

SELF-RECTIFICATION

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14
Q

type of power that limits xray production to half of the AC cycle

A

halfwave rectification

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15
Q

2 electrical circuits for ray production:

A
  1. Filament circuit
    II. Anode-cathode circuit
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16
Q
  1. on-off switch
  2. mA control
  3. step-down transformer
A

Filament or low voltage circuit.

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17
Q

Anode-cathode or high voltage circuit

A
  1. kVp selector
  2. timer
  3. activating button
  4. x-ray emission light /
    sound OR indicator button
  5. step-up transformer
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18
Q

> length of time to produce xrays
controlled by the timer

A

Exposure time

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19
Q

> Expressed as:

fraction of a second
whole numbers of seconds
impulses per exposure

A

Exposure time

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20
Q

Formula to determine exposure time in seconds:

A

no. of impulses
——————— = exposure time in seconds
60

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21
Q

Formula to determine exposure time in impulses:

A

exposure time in sec X 6o = exposure time in impulses

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22
Q

2 terms to regarding number of electrons and electrical force:

A

• 1. amperage

  1. Voltage
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23
Q

measure of the amount of electrical current flowing through a circuit

A

amperage

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24
Q
  • 8 to 15 mA
  • adjusted with the mA selector
A

amperage

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25
Q

measurement of electrical force needed to move electrons from a (-) to(4)
electrode

A

Voltage

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26
Q

65 to 95 kV or 65,000 to 95,000volts

A

Voltage

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27
Q

kVp = highest voltage to which rays are
produced

A

Voltage

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28
Q

True or false

mAand voltage affects quality of the ray beam

A

True

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29
Q

HEAT - 99%
X-RAYS- 1%

A

Tube interactions

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30
Q

True or false

X-ray beam is a solid beam

A

False

(X-ray beam is NOT a solid beam)

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31
Q

True or false

Electrical energy is converted to x-ray energy
and heat

A

True

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32
Q

True or false

Millions of high-speed electrons from the cathode interact with uncountable numbers of tungsten atoms at the target. The sudden stopping of the electron motion causes kinetic energy of the electrons to EM energy

A

True

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33
Q

True or false

The millions of x-rays produced are of same wavelengths and energies

A

False

(The millions of x-rays produced are of different wavelengths and energies)

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34
Q

2 mechanisms that explain
X-rays Production at the Atomic Level

A

°A. General Radiation
•B. Characteristic Radiation

35
Q

•General rays that are produced can have any energy level depending on the kVp value that is used.

A

X- ray energy

36
Q

•General rays can be produced at any kVp

A

X- ray energy

37
Q

*Characteristic rays need at least 70 kVp to be produced

A

Xray energy

38
Q

General rays have a range (______) of energies and form a _____ spectrum (contains all possible values

A

heterogeneous, continuous

39
Q

Characteristic rays have a specific energy (_______) and form a ____ spectrum (contains only specific values)

A

homogenous, discrete

40
Q

forms of energy associated with the flow of electrons

A

ELECTRICITY

41
Q

True or false

ELECTRICAL CURRENT is measured in amperes or milliamperes

A

True

42
Q

→ electrons go in one direction through the conductor
→ ex.: batteries
→ current is a steady constant
electrical charge

A

Direct Current (DC)

43
Q

electrons go in two opposite directions

A

Alternating Current (AC)

44
Q

current alternates between positive and negative, resulting in a voltage waveform shaped like a sine wave

A

Alternating Current (AC)

45
Q

shaped like a sine wave

A

Alternating Current (AC)

46
Q

True or false

A dental x-ray machine works with 60-cycle AC

A

True

47
Q

True or false

A dental x-ray machine works with 110 volts (220 in the Philippines) (self-rectified)

A

True

48
Q

True or false

electrical current changes flow 60 times/sec

A

True

49
Q

What phase?

current flows

A

Positive Phase

50
Q

What phase

→ anode has a positive charge
→ x-ray is produced during this cycle

A

Positive Phase

51
Q

What phase?

→ anode has a negative charge

A

Negative Phase

52
Q

What phase?

no current

A

Negative Phase

53
Q

What phase?

no x-ray produced

A

Negative Phase

54
Q

True or false

When the current alternates and becomes a negative charge, there will be no current flow and x-rays will not be produced.

Therefore, in x-ray production, there is a no change in voltage of the anode and cathode that occurs 60 times per second.

A

False

When the current alternates and becomes a negative charge, there will be no current flow and x-rays will not be produced.

Therefore, in x-ray production, there is A CHANGE IN POLARITY of the anode and cathode that occurs 60 times per second.

55
Q

no production of x-ray occurs because the anode is negative

A

INVERSE VOLTAGE/REVERSE VOLTAGE

56
Q

x-rays are produced in the form of impulses

A

INVERSE VOLTAGE/REVERSE VOLTAGE

57
Q

prevents overheating or damage of x-ray tubehead

A

INVERSE VOLTAGE/REVERSE VOLTAGE

58
Q

the conversion of AC to DC

A

SELF-RECTIFICATION

59
Q

type of power that limit x-ray production to half of the AC cycle

A

HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION

60
Q

(2) electrical circuits are used in the production of x-rays:

A

o Low Voltage or Filament Circuit

o High Voltage or Anode-Cathode Circuit

61
Q

lowers incoming voltage from 110-220 volts to 7-10 volts
because it is the only amount of energy needed to heat the
tungsten filament to produce electrons

A

FILAMENT CIRCUIT

62
Q

the cathode is the source of electrons for x-ray production

A

FILAMENT CIRCUIT

63
Q

provides high voltage required to accelerate electrons and
generate x-rays in the x-ray tube and is controlled by the kilovoltage settings

A

ANODE-CATHODE CIRCUIT

64
Q

PARTS OF THE ANODE-CATHODE CIRCUIT

A

kVp Selector

Timer

Activating Button

65
Q

selects the kilovoltage applied to the x-ray tube to produce x-rays

A

kVp Selector

66
Q

found in a 6 ft. extension cord

A

Activating Button

67
Q

expressed as: fraction of a second

A

EXPOSURE TIME

68
Q

number of electrons produced

A

milliamperage

69
Q

highest voltage to which x-rays are produced whenever a film or radiograph is taken

A

kVp (kilovoltage peak)

70
Q

True or false

Amperage and voltage affect the quality of the x-ray beam.

A

True

71
Q

STEPS IN X-RAY PRODUCTION

Turn machine on to active step-down transformer and filament circuit

A

Step 1

72
Q

STEPS IN X-RAY PRODUCTION

Filament produces electrons

A

Step 2

73
Q

STEPS IN X-RAY PRODUCTION

Formation of an “electron cloud”

A

Step 3

74
Q

STEPS IN X-RAY PRODUCTION
Exposure button is pressed to activate the high voltage
circuit

A

Step 4

75
Q

STEPS IN X-RAY PRODUCTION

Electrons at the cathode are propelled to the focal spot at
the anode

A

Step 5

76
Q

STEPS IN X-RAY PRODUCTION

X-rays photons are produced at the focal spot and directed
out of the unleaded glass window to be filtered and collimated (control or change)

A

Step 6

77
Q

Step?

The transformer reduces the 220 V to 7-10 V, enough to heat the filament circuit

A

1

78
Q

Step?

By heating the tungsten filament in the cathode
portion of the x-ray tube

A

2

79
Q

Step?

Thermionic emission occurs, defined as the release
of electrons from the tungsten filament when the electrical current passes through it and heats the lament

A

2

80
Q

Step?

The outer-shell electrons of the tungsten atom
acquire enough energy to move away from the
filament surface

A

3

81
Q

Step?

The electrons stay in an electron cloud until the
high-voltage circuit is activated

A

3

82
Q

Step?

The electrons travel from the cathode to the anode

A

5

83
Q

Step?

When the electrons strike the tungsten target, their
energy of motion (kinetic energy) is converted to
x-ray energy and heat

A

5

84
Q

Step?

Less than 1% of the energy is converted to x–rays;
the remaining 99% is lost as heat

A

5

ROENT (13 decks)

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