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ROENT > 8 > Flashcards

8 Flashcards

1
Q

helps bring out the image

A

Phenidone

DEVELOPER

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2
Q

builds contrast

A

Hydroquinone

DEVELOPER

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3
Q

preservative; reduces oxidation

A

Sodium sulphite

DEVELOPER

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4
Q

activator; governs the activity of the developing agents

A

Potassium carbonate

DEVELOPER

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5
Q

restrainer; prevents fog and controls the activity of the developing agents

A

Benzotriazole

DEVELOPER

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6
Q

hardens the emulsion

A

Glutaraldehyde

DEVELOPER

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7
Q

prevents fungal growth

A

Fungicide

DEVELOPER

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8
Q

maintains pH (7+)

A

Buffer

DEVELOPER

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9
Q

solvent

A

Water

FIXER, DEVELOPER

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10
Q

removes unsensitized silver halide crystals

A

Ammonium thiosulphate

FIXER

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11
Q

preservative; prevents deterioration of the fixing agent

A

Sodium sulphite

FIXER

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12
Q

hardener

A

Aluminum chloride

FIXER

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13
Q

acidifier; maintains pH

A

Acetic acid

FIXER

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14
Q

→ has no need for a dark room
→ used in most dental clinics
→ contains the needed elements: developer, fixer and water for
rinsing

A

DEVELOPING BOX

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15
Q

→ a safe light is needed and positioned four feet from the solution
→ there should be absolute light tightness, an adequate working space, ventilation, washing facilities and adequate film storage
facilities

A

DARK ROOM

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16
Q

→ have a daylight loading facility
→ process is same as with manual processing except for the rinsing
between the developer and fixer due to rollers in the machine

A

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

17
Q

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING advantages & disadvantages

A

→ advantages:
o time-saving
o no dark room needed
o controlled standardized processing conditions are easy to maintain
o chemicals can be replenished automatically by some
machines

→ disadvantages
+ strict maintenance and regular cleaning of rollers which could leave a mark on films
+ plumbing in of some models

18
Q

A n alternative to manual processing
already contains the developer and fixer in a special sachet

A

SELF-DEVELOPING FILMS

19
Q

SELF-DEVELOPING FILMS advantages & disadvantages

A

advantages:

o no dark room needed
o time-saving

disadvantages:

o poor overall image quality
o image deteriorates rapidly with time
o no net foil inside the film packet
o film packet is very flexible and easily bent
o difficult to use in positioning folders
o relatively expensive

20
Q

the digital image is captured in pixels (tiny squares), by two different types of sensor–solid-state or photostimulable phosphor plates

A

COMPUTER DIGITAL PROCESSING

21
Q

the digital image is similar to a film-captured image, in that both are 2-dimensional representations of a 3-dimensional object

in digital imaging, each 2D pixel represents a 3D cuboid or voxel of the patient

A

COMPUTER DIGITAL PROCESSING

22
Q

the depth of the cuboid is dependent on the thickness of the part of the body being x-rayed

each pixel measures the total x-ray absorption throughout the whole of each voxel

this 2D limitation has been overcome with the development of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

A

COMPUTER DIGITAL PROCESSING

23
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF FAULTY RADIOGRAPHS

A

→ film processing results in a radiographic image
→ not paying attention to detail may lead to many problems
result in poor diagnostic film
→ poor films result in loss of diagnostic information

24
Q

underdevelopment wherein the temperature in the developer is
too low or was dipped for a short time only

A

Light Radiographs

25
Q

o depleted developer solution
o diluted or contaminated developer
o excessive fixation

A

Light Radiographs

26
Q

underexposure:
o insufficient milliamperage
o insufficient peak kilovoltage
o insufficient time
o film source distance is too great o film package reversed in mouth

A

Light Radiographs

27
Q

overdevelopment wherein the temperature of the developer is
too high or was dipped for too long

A

Dark Radiographs

28
Q

o developer concentration is too high o inadequate fixation
o accidental exposure to light
o improper safelight

A

Dark Radiographs

29
Q

→ overexposure:
o excessive milliamperage
o excessive peak kilovoltage
o excessive time
o film-source distance is too short

A

Dark Radiographs

30
Q

→ improper safelight
→ light leak

A

Film Fogs

31
Q

→ fingerprint contamination or black paper wrapping sticking to film surface
→ film in contact with other film during fixation
→ film contamination with developer before processing

A

Dark Spots or Lines

32
Q

→ cause of excessive pending of films
→ static discharge of film before processing
→ excessive roller pressure during processing
→ dirty rollers in automatic processing

A

Dark Spots or Lines

33
Q

→ cause of excessive pending of films
→ static discharge of film before processing
→ excessive roller pressure during processing
→ dirty rollers in automatic processing

A

Dark Spots or Lines

34
Q

→ film contaminated with fixer before processing
→ film is in contact with another film during development
→ excessive bending of film

A

Light Spots

35
Q

→ depleted developer or fixer
→ insufficient washing
→ contaminated solutions

A

Yellow and Brown Stains

36
Q

→ movement of patient’s head or x-ray tube
→ double exposure; the film has been exposed already and used
again

A

Blurring of Films

37
Q

→ top of the film is not immersed in developing solution
→ misalignment of x-ray tube which we commonly call as the “Cone
Cut”

A

Partial Images

38
Q

→ abrasion of image during processing
→ excessive time in wash water

A

Emulsion Peel

39
Q

→ abrasion of image during processing
→ excessive time in wash water

A

Emulsion Peel

ROENT (13 decks)

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