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ROENT > LESSON 7 > Flashcards

LESSON 7 Flashcards

1
Q

→ the receiver of the image being exposed

→ either film or digital

A

IMAGE RECEPTORS

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2
Q

can be intraorally or extraorally placed

A

IMAGE RECEPTORS

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3
Q

What are the types of IMAGE RECEPTORS?

A

Radiographic film

Digital Receptors

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4
Q

→ direct action or packet film
→ indirect action film used in conjunction with
intensifying screens in a cassette

A

Radiographic Film

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5
Q

→ solid-state sensors
→ phosphor plates

A

Digital Receptors

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6
Q

refers to the numeric format of the image content & its discreteness

A

DIGITAL RECEPTORS

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7
Q

(2) types of direct digital image receptors available

A

o Solid-State

o Photostimulable Phosphor Storage Plates

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8
Q

uses of DIGITAL RECEPTORS in Intraoral

A

periapical and bitewing

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9
Q

uses of DIGITAL RECEPTORS in Extraoral

A

panoramic and skull

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10
Q

advantages of what?

o eliminates chemical processing
o digital intraoral receptors require less radiation than film,
thus reducing patient exposure
o allows enhancements, measurements, and corrections not
available with film

A

DIGITAL RECEPTORS

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11
Q

disadvantages of what?

o the initial expense of setting up a digital imaging system is relatively high

o certain components are susceptible to rough handling and are costly to replace

o there is a risk of systems becoming obsolete or manufacturers going out of business

o the excellent image quality and comparatively low cost of a properly exposed & processed film keeps film-based radiography competitive with digital alternatives

A

DIGITAL RECEPTORS

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12
Q

These are under of DIGITAL RECEPTORS in?

INTRAORAL

EXTRAORAL

A

SOLID-STATE SENSORS

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13
Q

small, thin, flat, rigid rectangular boxes, usually black & similar in size to intraoral film packets

A

INTRAORAL

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14
Q

→ vary in thickness from about 5-7 mm

→ cabled to allow data to be transferred directly from mouth to
computer
o cables are usually 1-2 m long

A

INTRAORAL

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15
Q

not autoclavable and need to be covered with a protective plastic barrier envelope for infection control purposes

A

INTRAORAL

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16
Q

CCD

A

charge-coupled device

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17
Q

complementary metal oxide semiconductors

A

CMOS

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18
Q

individual pixels, consisting of a sandwich of P- and N-type silicon, are arranged in rows and columns called an array or matrix, above which is a scintillation layer

A

CCD (CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE)

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19
Q

→ the x-ray photons hit the scintillation layers and are converted to light
→ the light interacts via the photoelectric effect with the silicon to create a charge packet for each individual pixel, which is concentrated by the electrodes

A

CCD (CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE)

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20
Q

the charge pattern formed from the individual pixels in the matrix represents the latent image

o the image is read by transferring each row of pixel
charges from one row to the next

A

CCD (CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE)

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21
Q

→ different in way that the pixel charges are read
o each CMOS pixel is isolated from its neighbor and directly connected to a transistor
→ less expensive

A

CMOS (COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS)

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22
Q

→ contain CCDs in long, thin, and linear arrays
→ the CCD array is incorporated into (2) different designs of
sensor

A

EXTRAORAL

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23
Q

o flat cassette-sized sensors designed to be retrofitted into
existing film-based panoramic equipment to replace
conventional cassettes

o individually designed sensors as part of completely new
solely digital panoramic or skull equipment

A

2 different designs of
sensor in EXTRAORAL

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24
Q

→ consists of a range of imaging plates that can be used for both intraoral and extraoral radiography

→ the plates are not connected to the computer by a cable

A

PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR STORAGE PLATES

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25
Q

→ once cleared (erased), the plates are reusable
→ intraoral plates need to be inserted into protection barrier
envelopes for control of infection purposes

A

PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR STORAGE PLATES

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26
Q

-direct action or packet film

-indirect action film used in conjunction with intensifying screens in a cassette

A

Radiographic Film

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27
Q

-solid-state sensors
-phosphor plates

A

Digital receptors

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28
Q

refers to the numeric format of the image content & its discreteness

A

DIGITAL RECEPTORS

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29
Q

there are (2) types of direct digital image receptors available:

A

o Solid-State

o Photostimulable Phosphor Storage Plates

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30
Q

advantages of DIGITAL RECEPTORS

A

o eliminates chemical processing

o digital intraoral receptors require less radiation than film,
thus reducing patient exposure

o allows enhancements, measurements, and corrections not available with film

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1
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3
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31
Q

Disadvantages of DIGITAL RECEPTORS

A

o the initial expense of setting up a digital imaging system is relatively high

o certain components are susceptible to rough handling and are costly to replace

o there is a risk of systems becoming obsolete or manufacturers going out of business

o the excellent image quality and comparatively low cost of a properly exposed & processed film keeps film-based radiography competitive with digital alternatives

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32
Q

small, thin, flat, rigid rectangular boxes, usually black & similar
in size to intraoral film packets

A

SOLID-STATE SENSORS (INTRAORAL)

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33
Q

vary in thickness from about 5-7 mm

→ not autoclavable and need to be covered with a protective
plastic barrier envelope for infection control purposes

A

SOLID-STATE SENSORS (INTRAORAL)

34
Q

cabled to allow data to be transferred directly from mouth to computer

o cables are usually 1-2 m long

A

SOLID-STATE SENSORS (INTRAORAL)

35
Q

→ consists of tiny silicon chip-based pixels and their associated electronics encased in a plastic housing

→ the underlying technology involves either of (2) types:
o CCD (charge-coupled device)
o CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductors)

A

SOLID-STATE SENSORS (INTRAORAL)

36
Q

contain CCDs in long, thin, and linear arrays

A

SOLID-STATE SENSORS (ExTRAORAL)

37
Q

the CCD array is incorporated into (2) different designs of
sensor:

o flat cassette-sized sensors designed to be retrofitted into
existing film-based panoramic equipment to replace
conventional cassettes

o individually designed sensors as part of completely new
solely digital panoramic or skull equipment

A

SOLID-STATE SENSORS (ExTRAORAL)

38
Q

→ individual pixels, consisting of a sandwich of P- and N-type silicon, are arranged in rows and columns called an array or matrix, above which is a scintillation layer

→ the x-ray photons hit the scintillation layers and are converted to light

A

CCD (CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE)

39
Q

the light interacts via the photoelectric effect with the silicon to create a charge packet for each individual pixel, which is concentrated by the electrodes

A

CCD (CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE)

40
Q

the charge pattern formed from the individual pixels in the matrix represents the latent image
o the image is read by transferring each row of pixel
charges from one row to the next

A

CCD (CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE)

41
Q

→ different in way that the pixel charges are read
o each CMOS pixel is isolated from its neighbor and directly connected to a transistor
→ less expensive

A

CMOS (COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS)

42
Q

→ consists of a range of imaging plates that can be used for both intraoral and extraoral radiography

A

PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR STORAGE PLATES

43
Q

the plates are not connected to the computer by a cable

A

PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR STORAGE PLATES

44
Q

→ once cleared (erased), the plates are reusable
→ intraoral plates need to be inserted into protection barrier
envelopes for control of infection purposes
→ as with using film, image production is not instantaneous with this
type of receptor

A

PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR STORAGE PLATES

45
Q

→ intraoral film
→ sensitive primarily to x-ray photons; x-ray directly acts on the film

A

DIRECT-ACTION FILM

46
Q

→ no screen is used to develop the image
→ used for the need of excellent image quality and fine
anatomical details are very important

A

DIRECT-ACTION FILM

47
Q

TYPES of DIRECT-ACTION FILM

A

PERIAPICAL

BITEWING FILM

OCCLUSAL FILM

48
Q

→ used to record the coronal portions of the maxillary and mandibular teeth in one image
→ useful for the detection of interproximal caries

PERIAPICAL

BITEWING FILM

OCCLUSAL FILM

A

BITEWING FILM

49
Q

→ alveolar crests are visible which is valuable in the assessment of
periodontal disease
→ have a paper tab projection from the middle of the film on
which the patient bites on to support the film

PERIAPICAL

BITEWING FILM

OCCLUSAL FILM

A

BITEWING FILM

50
Q

→ approximately 4 times larger than size 2 film (about 57x76 mm)
→ used to show the larger areas of the maxilla or mandible
→ usually held in position by having the patient bite lightly on the
film to support it between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth

PERIAPICAL

BITEWING FILM

OCCLUSAL FILM

A

OCCLUSAL FILM

51
Q

T/F

film packets are typically available in quantities of 25, 100, or 150 films per container

A

T

52
Q

made of non-absorbent paper or plastic and is sealed to prevent the ingress of saliva

A

OUTER FILM PACKET OR WRAPPER

53
Q

the side of the packet that faces towards the x-ray beam

→ has either a pebbled or a smooth surface and is usually white

A

Tube Side

54
Q

usually of two colors so that there is little chance of the film being placed the wrong way round in the patient’s mouth

A

Label Side

55
Q

→ usually has a flap to open the film packet
→ the ff. is printed on the ___ side of the film
packet:

o a circle or dot that corresponds with the raised identification dot on the film

o the statement “opposite side toward tube”

o the manufacturer’s name

o the film speed

o the number of films enclosed

A

Label Side

56
Q

→ is on either side of the film
→ protects the film from:
o light
o damage by fingers while being unwrapped o saliva that may leak into the film packet

A

BLACK FILM WRAPPER

57
Q

placed behind the film to prevent:

o some of the residual radiation that has passed through the
film from continuing on into the patient’s tissues

o scattered secondary radiation, from x-ray photon interactions within the tissues beyond the film, scattering
back on to the film and degrading the image

A

LEAD FOIL SHEET

58
Q

contains an embossed (herringbone) pattern so that should the film packet be placed the wrong way round, the pattern will
appear on the resultant radiograph

A

LEAD FOIL SHEET

59
Q

→ the image receptor itself
→ also has an identification dot

A

FILM

60
Q

Film Base is made of?

A

polyester plastic (polyethylene terephthalate)

61
Q

→ 0.2 mm thick
→ acts as a support for the emulsion but
does not contribute to the final image; helps film to withstand heat, moisture, and chemicals in processing
→ transparent with blue tint to enhance image

A

Film Base

62
Q

cellulose acetate

A

Film Base

63
Q
A

Adhesive Layer

64
Q

→ also found on both sides
→ part that is sensitive to radiation

A

Film Emulsion

65
Q

consists of:
o Silver Halide Crystals
- 80-99% silver bromide
- 1-10% silver iodide

o Gelatin Binder/Matrix

A

Film Emulsion

66
Q

protect emulsion from mechanical and chemical damage

A

Protective Layer

67
Q

→ extraoral film
→ used in combination with intensifying screens in a cassette

A

INDIRECT-ACTION FILM

68
Q

→ sensitive primarily to light photons, which are emitted by the adjacent intensifying screens

→ respond to shorter exposure of x-rays, enabling a lower dose of radiation to be given to the patient

→ used to examine large areas of skull & jaw

A

INDIRECT-ACTION FILM

69
Q

→ sensitive primarily to light photons, which are emitted by the
adjacent intensifying screens
→ respond to shorter exposure of x-rays, enabling a lower dose of
radiation to be given to the patient
→ used to examine large areas of skull & jaw

A

INDIRECT-ACTION FILM

70
Q

→ in boxes not packets and must be opened only in a dark room
→ film is separated from each other by pieces of thin paper

A

FILM PACKAGING

71
Q

→ same construction as intraoral film; however, silver halide is
sensitive to light not radiation
→ has no identification dot so some form of additional
identification is required (ex.: metal letters, L or R, placed on the outside of the cassette or electronic marking)

A

FILM PACKAGING

72
Q

Standard Silver Halide Emulsion

Sensitive to:

A

Blue Light

73
Q

Modified Silver Halide Emulsion with Ultraviolet Sensitizers

Sensitive to:

A

Ultraviolet Light

74
Q

Orthochromatic Emulsion

Sensitive to:

A

Green Light

75
Q

Panchromatic Emulsion

Sensitive to:

A

Red Light

76
Q

consist of fluorescent phosphors which emit light when excited by x-rays, embedded in a plastic matrix

A

INTENSIFYING SCREENS

77
Q

→ hold the film
→ can be sturdy or soft

A

CASSETTES

78
Q

→ film used for making a copy of an already exposed film → needs a unit/machine

A

DUPLICATING FILM

79
Q

→ one side is dull while the other is smooth/shiny

o the dull side is the emulsion side and is what contacts the radiograph during the duplication process

A

DUPLICATING FILM

80
Q

optimum temperature:

A

50-70 F

81
Q

optimum relative humidity:

A

30-50%

ROENT (13 decks)

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