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AUDI 402 > Lesson 8: Vision (& Smell) > Flashcards

Lesson 8: Vision (& Smell) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of olfactory information?

A

Cells in the olfactory epithelium
Olfactory bulb’s mitral cells
Olfactory tract - may cross in the medial olfactory stria
Temporal lobes - primary olfactory cortex

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2
Q

What is the pathway of reflex activity, compared to conscious information, for vision? Why is this important?

A

Conscious info: retina to optic chiasm to optic tract to LGB
Reflex: from optic tract to superior colliculus.
If damage occurs after the optic tract, reflexes may still be present

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3
Q

What vision is present in a lesion to the optic nerve?

A

Monocular blindness

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4
Q

What is present in optic chiasm damage?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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5
Q

One half of the optic chiasm is injured before decussation - what happens

A

Nasal hemianopia

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6
Q

Injury to the optic tract or the lateral geniculate body - how does vision seem?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

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7
Q

Injury to upper/lower optic raditiation

A

contralateral homonymous superior/inferior (opposite) quadrantanopia

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8
Q

What is macular sparing? Why does it occur?

A

A lesion in the PCA may occur, but the macula is spared due to irrigation from the MCA

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9
Q

What is hypermetropia?

A

Far-sighted: focal point is behind the retina

Convex lens: puts focal point at the retina

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10
Q

What is myopia?

A

Near-sighted: Focal point is in front of the retina

Concave lens: adds focal length

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11
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Refractive error due to irregular shape of cornea or lens

Combined cylindrical and spherical lens

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12
Q

What are the 3 main types of color vision, and which cone is missing with each?

A

Protanomaly: no red
Deuteranomaly: no green
Tritanomaly: no blue

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13
Q

What are the three ocular nerves?

A

Oculomotor, trochlear and abducens

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14
Q

What are the three aspects of accomodation of distance in vision?

A

Ocular convergence
Pupillary constriction
Lens thickening

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15
Q

What two structures are responsible for coordination of eye muscles?

A

The medial longitudinal fasciculus and the pontine paramedian reticular formation

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16
Q

What disease targets MLF?

A

MS - it commonly dymyelinates

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17
Q

What is the MLF connected to?

A

The vestibular nuclei

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18
Q

What movement is the superior rectus responsible for?

A

Eyeball upward

19
Q

What movements is the medial rectus responsible for?

A

Eyeball inward

20
Q

Inferior rectus movements?

A

Eyeball down

21
Q

Inferior oblique movements?

A

Up and out

22
Q

Superior oblique movements?

A

Eye down and in

23
Q

Levator palpebrae superior muscle eye movements? What two aspects does it have?

A

Lifts upper eyelid
Voluntary muscles - via the oculomotor nerve
Smooth muscles - via the sympathic nerves

24
Q

What does sympathetic nerve loss result in, regarding the levator palpebrae superior muscle?

A

Horner’s syndrome - constricted pupil, ipsilaterally dry red face

25
Q

What does damage to the voluntary muscle result in, regarding the levator palpebrae superior muscle?

A

oculomotor nerve palsy

26
Q

Why is pupil constriction so vulnerable to compression?

A

It is the parasympathetic portion of the oculomotor nerve, and thus is on the outside and in between the PCA and the superior cerebellar artery

27
Q

What is the pathway to pupil constriction, from light to muscles?

A

Light to the optic nerve, to the prectal nucleus bilaterally
To the Edinger-Westphal nucleus bilaterally
To the oculomotor nerve
To the ciliary ganglion, to the constrictor pupillae muscle

28
Q

What 3 nerve pathways are involved in pupil constriction?

A

Optic nerve for info in, oculomotor nerves (both) for info out

29
Q

What is the difference between and indirect and a direct response in pupil constriction?

A

Direct response: eye being tested constricts

Indirect: other eye constricts

30
Q

What’s the difference between the accommodation reflex and pupil constriction?

A

Accommodation: conscious
Pupil: automatic

31
Q

What is the pathway of the accommodation reflex (3 parts)?

A

Signal to the occipital cortex to the frontal eye fields, to the LGB, to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, to the ciliary ganglion: for constrictor pupillae muscle (pupil constriction) and to the ciliary muscle (lens focusing)
Fibers to the oculomotor nucleus - innervate the medial rectus muscles (eye convergence)

32
Q

Where is the nuclei for the oculomotor nerve? What is its pathway to the ventral brainstem?

A

in the upper tegmentum

Through the red nucleus and the basis pedunculi to the ventral brainstem

33
Q

What muscles does the oculomotor nerve innervate?

A

The superior, medial and inferior rectus
The inferior oblique
The levator palpebrae superior

34
Q

What are the two nuclei of the oculomotor nerve?

A

The somatic motor nucleus - extrinsic ocular muscles

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus: visceral motor nucleus

35
Q

What are the symptoms of trauma to the oculomotor nerve? (3)

A

Dilated pupils, eyes directed outward, diplopia

36
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve exit?

A

The posterior surface of the brainstem

37
Q

Where is the nucleus of the trochlear nerve?

A

In the periaqueductal gray matter in the midbrain

38
Q

What muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

The superior oblique

39
Q

What does trauma with the trochlear nerve ressemble (1)?

A

Diplopia when looking down

40
Q

Where is the nucleus of the abducens, and what does it pass through?

A

In the upper tegmentum of the pons
Through the pontine tegmentum and the corticospinal tract
To the pontomedullary junction

41
Q

What muscle does the abducens nerve innervate?

A

The lateral rectus

42
Q

What does a lesion in the abducens nerve ressemble?

A

The eye directed in

43
Q

How is the pupillary light reflex tested? What type of patient can be tested?

A

They must be conscious
Optic nerve damage: no response in either eye
Oculomotor nerve damage: no response in one eye - side of damage

AUDI 402 (14 decks)

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