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AUDI 402 > Lesson 10: Throat Movements > Flashcards

Lesson 10: Throat Movements Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the general sensory glossopharyngeal nerve receive input form?

A

Upper pharynx, tonsils, soft palate, posterior 1/3 of tongue, middle ear

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2
Q

What is the pathway of general sensory information in the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

To the inferior ganglion, to the nucleus solitarius (medulla), to the ventral medial nucleus, to the sensory cortex

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3
Q

What is the role of the special sensory glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and oral pharynx

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4
Q

What is the pathway of the special sensory information in the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Inferior ganglion to the rostral nucleus solitarius to the medial lemniscus, to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, to the primary sensory cortex

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5
Q

What are the two nuclei of the glosopharyngeal nerve?

A

The nucleus solitarius and the nucleus ambiguus

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6
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve involuntarily control?

A

The parotid gland

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7
Q

What is the pathway of involuntary control in the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Inferior salivatory nucleus, to the parasympathetic fibers, to the otic ganglion, to the gland

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8
Q

What muscle is voluntary innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve? What role does this muscle play?

A

The stylopharyngeus muscles - the swallowing reflex

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9
Q

What’s the pathway of voluntary motor control of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Bilateral motor cortex, to the rostral nucleus ambiguus, to the ipsilateral stylopharyngeus muscle

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10
Q

What portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve is prone to injury, and why?

A

The central component, from a stroke

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of a UMNL to the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Swallowing difficulties

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12
Q

How are the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves tested? What part of them is shown?

A

Touching the back of the throat to test the gag reflex

Shows afferent glossopharyngeal, efferent vagus nerve

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13
Q

Where is the vagus nerve nuclear complex? What does it consist of?

A

The ventricular floor of the medulla

The nucleus ambiguus, dorsal motor nucleus and nucleus solitarius

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14
Q

Where does the vagus nerve exist the brainstem?

A

In the lateral medulla, between the inferior olivary nucleus and the inferior cerebellar peduncle - through the jugular foramen

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15
Q

What pathway structures are shared by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve?

A

The inferior ganglia, nucleus solitarius, and nucleus ambiguus

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16
Q

Where does the vagus nerve receive sensory input from, both general and special?

A

Special: taste from the larynx and epiglottis
General: sensation from the larynx, thorax, carotid body, abdomen

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17
Q

Which nerves have their voluntary motor input in the nucleus ambiguus?

A

The vagus, glossopharyngeal and spinal accessory nerves

18
Q

What is the pathway of general and special sensory information in the vagus nerve?

A

Inferior ganglion, to the nucleus solitaris, to the lateral lemniscus, to the VPM in the thalamus, to the parietal opercular sensory cortex

19
Q

What does the vagus nerve involuntarily motor?

A

Cardiac and heart muscles, esophagus, stomach, glands

20
Q

What is the pathway of involuntary motor control in the vagus nerve? What branch is this?

A

The main vagus nerve

Dorsal motor nucleus, to the parasympathetic fibres, to the distal ganglia

21
Q

What does the vagus nerve voluntarily motor? What is the role of these muscles?

A

The pharynx, larynx and soft palate muscles

Phonation, swallowing, resonance, and respiration

22
Q

What is the pathway of voluntary motor information in the vagus nerve?

A

From the bilateral cortex, to the posterior nucleus ambiguus, to the muscles

23
Q

What is the role of the recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve? How does it accomplish this?

A

Phonation, via innervation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and the epiglottis

24
Q

What is the difference in pathway between the left and right recurrent laryngeal branches?

A

Right: curves around the subclavian artery
Left: around the aortic arch

25
Q

Why do ear infections cause stomach aches?

A

Stimulation of the eardrum via pain results in stimulation of the vagus nerve, which results in reflexive contraction of involuntary stomach muscles

26
Q

What is the relation between an enlarged heart and a hoarse voice, in relation to the vagus nerve?

A

Stretches the left branch of the recurrent laryngeal branch, resulting in a loss of innervation to the larynx and a hoarse voice

27
Q

What else can damage the left recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve?

A

Tumours in the neck

28
Q

How is backup for the vagus nerve when a stroke occurs?

A

Some backup - but mostly is crossed

29
Q

How can the voluntary motor vagus nerve be tested?

A

Say ‘ah’ - watch for equal rising of the palate, which will pull the uvula towards the intact side and away from the paralyzed side

30
Q

What symptom is present in a LMNL vs a UMNL to the vagus nerve?

A

LMNL: paralysis ipsilateral
UMNL: paralysis contralateral

31
Q

What is the role of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Innervation of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

32
Q

What is the role of the vagus nerve?

A

Motor innervation of the pharynx and the larynx, and sensation of the larynx

33
Q

How is the sternocleidomastoid muscle tested?

A

Direct chin downward, to the opposite side of testing - against resistance

34
Q

How is the trapezius muscle tested?

A

Patient shrugs shoulder against resistance

35
Q

What is the pathway of information in the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Contralateral motor cortex, to the nucleus ambiguus, through the foramen magnum, to the muscles

36
Q

What is the difference between symptoms for a LMNL and a UMNL for the spinal accessory nerve?

A

LMNL: shoulder is weak
- trapezoid is completely paralyzed
UMNL: some backup to the nucleus ambiguus results in paresis

37
Q

What is paresis?

A

Partial paralysis

38
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

Voluntary motor innervation of the intrinsic tongue muscles

39
Q

What is the pathway of information in the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Hypoglossal nucleus, out of the brainstem by way of medially of the olive, out of the skull via the hypoglossal canal, and to the tongue from below

40
Q

What is the difference in symptoms between a LMNL and UMNL in the hypoglossal nerve?

A

LMNL: atrophy & wrinkling on the ipsilateral tongue - profound
UMNL: not as wrinkled and atrophied due to some backup from non-injured side
- swallowing & speech are still impaired

41
Q

What could cause a LMNL in the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Lymph node surgery

42
Q

How can the hypoglossal nerve be tested?

A

Via the genioglossus

Protude the tongue - if one side is damaged, that side will not protude

AUDI 402 (14 decks)

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