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AUDI 402 > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are engrams?

A

The patterns that the brain uses to function

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2
Q

What are central pattern generators?

A

Information processing that occurs at the spinal cord

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3
Q

What are somites?

A

Series of tissue blocks on each side of the neural tube during the embryonic period

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4
Q

What derives from the embryonic somites?

A

Somatic structures: skeletal and associated muscles

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5
Q

What are viscera?

A

Internal organs with nonstriated smooth muscles

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6
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

Sudden and momentary muscle contraction involving 1 or more groups of muscles (spasm)

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7
Q

What are dorsal root ganglia?

A

The cell bodies of sensory nerves related to the somatic sensory nerves, located in the spinal cord

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8
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is Broca’s area?

A

44 and 45

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9
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is Wernicke’s area?

A

22

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10
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is the primary auditory cortex?

A

41 and 42

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11
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is the primary visual cortex, and which sulcus runs through it?

A

17, the calcarine sulcus

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12
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is the angular gyrus?

A

39

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13
Q

What glia cover the optic nerve?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

What glia cover the axons of peripheral nerves?

A

Schwann cells

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15
Q

What is the forebrain portion of the embryonic brain, and what area does it become?

A

Prosencephalon, which becomes the telencephalon and the diencephalon

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16
Q

Which structures are included in the telencephalon?

A

The cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic lobe, and lateral ventricles

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17
Q

Which structures are included in the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and the 3rd ventricle

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18
Q

What is the midbrain portion of the embryonic brain, and what area does it become?

A

The mesencephalon, which retains its name

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19
Q

Which structures are included in the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain structures, and the cerebral aqueduct

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20
Q

What is the hindbrain portion of the embryonic brain, and what areas does it become?

A

The rhombencephalon, which becomes the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

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21
Q

What structures are included in the metencephalon?

A

The pons, cerebellum, and the 4th ventricle

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22
Q

What structures are included in the myelencephalon?

A

The medulla oblongata

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23
Q

What is cell tissue?

A

Functional grouping of cells

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24
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Repeated division of cells

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25
Q

What is differential growth?

A

Some cells selectively grow, which creates bumps

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26
Q

What is junction formation?

A

Cells attach to other cells, or adhere to the extracellular matrix

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27
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Cells which retain the ability to divide

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28
Q

What is the main source of tumours in the nervous system?

A

Glial cells

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29
Q

How does growth in the mature nervous system occur?

A

More cell to cell contacts

30
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death, to remove mistakes and shape organs

31
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

By way of differential growth, the flat plate of cells forms a valley and two bumps

32
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus, and what is its role?

A

Above/around the corpus callosum, as part of the limbic system

33
Q

Where is the tegmentum, and what does it consist of?

A

The ventral part of the midbrain, the superior colliculi

34
Q

Where is the tectum, and what does it consist of?

A

The dorsal part of the midbrain, the inferior colliculi

35
Q

What is the role of the septum pellucidum?

A

It separates the right and left lateral ventricles

36
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Fibres that connect areas WITHIN the same lobe

37
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

fibres that communicate BETWEEN the cerebral cortex and the brainstem & spinal cord

38
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Fibres that connect centres in the LEFT AND RIGHT cerebral hemispheres

39
Q

What glial cells myelinate cells in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

40
Q

What is Schwann cell axon regeneration, and why is it possible?

A

Schwann cells can regenerate due to the substances available, unlike oligodendrocytes

41
Q

What is the issue in the cellular structure of those with multiple sclerosis?

A

There is patchy demyelination in the central nervous system

42
Q

What is the role of neuroglia?

A

To nurture the neurons

43
Q

What is the role of neurons? What about them makes them capable of doing this?

A

To communicate, via their excitable membranes

44
Q

What is the role of nuclei?

A

They are the source of DNA

45
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Making proteins

46
Q

What is the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RERs)?

A

Exportation of proteins

47
Q

What are Nissl bodies? Where are they prominently located?

A

Accumulations of RER, with ribosomes for protein synthesis. They are abundant in neurons

48
Q

What is the role of golgi apparatus?

A

Modification of proteins

49
Q

What is the role of cytoskeletons? what is different about them in neurons?

A

Shaping and transporting materials. In neurons, they are very elaborate

50
Q

What are microtubules, and what is their role?

A

Small tubes, which act as paths for the transport of materials within the cell and to the end of the axon

51
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

Energy creation

52
Q

What is the role of lysosomes?

A

Carrying away cell waste

53
Q

What is neurolemma, and what is its role?

A

The cell membrane found in neurons. It communicates with other cells

54
Q

What is axonal transport?

A

The movement of organelles along the axon, to supply the end with the materials needed for the release of neurotransmitters

55
Q

How does axonal transport contrast with action potentials?

A

Action potentials only occur along the membrane, and cause the release of neurotransmitters

56
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

The connection between the cell body and the axon, at which point action potentials begin

57
Q

What are ependymal cells? What is their role?

A

Neuroglia cells that line the ventricles and spinal cord. Specialized ependymal cells create the choroid plexus, and secrete CSF

58
Q

What are astrocytes, and what is their role? What is their special role in the CNS?

A

Neuroglia cells that nurse cells. They regulate the neural environment’s ions, neurotransmitters and glucose. They form the scar tissue for the CNS, and thus rapid development results in tumours

59
Q

What are microglia?

A

Blood cells that become phagocytes - packmen

60
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When microglia clean up debris by engulfing it

61
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates

62
Q

How do action potentials work?

A

Beginning at the axon hillock, they travel down the axon until the nerve terminus, where vesicles of the neurotransmitter are released, which fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane to release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, which binds with the post-synaptic membrane

63
Q

What are the two ways that a signal can fail to active receptors in the post-synaptic membrane?

A

Re-uptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic membrane, or the release of an enzyme that blocks the neurotransmitter from entering the cleft

64
Q

What enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter in muscle cells?

A

Acetylcholinesterase destroys acetylcholine

65
Q

What is different in those with Alzheimer disease, in regards to neurotransmitters?

A

less neurotransmitter is delivered to the end terminus

66
Q

What is myasthenia gravis? Why does exercise worsen this condition?

A

Acteylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane are defective. During exercise, the acetylcholine that is produced is wasted, as it can’t bind to the defective receptors

67
Q

What are bipolar cells? Where are they found?

A

Dendrites off of one pole, and an axon off of the other pole. They’re found in the retina and the inner ear

68
Q

What are unipolar cells? Where are they usually found? Give an example.

A

T-shaped - one branch off of the body, which then divides off. Common in peripheral sensory nerves, such as the spinal dorsal root ganglia

69
Q

What is somatotopic organization?

A

The cortical representation in the brain, via a ‘Body map’ organization of the body, where there is more area for important structures

70
Q

CN I-VII

A

On Old Olympic Towering Tops, A Finn And German View A Hop
Olfactory, Optic, oculomotor, trochlear (eye), trigeminal, abducens (eye), facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

AUDI 402 (14 decks)

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