Lesson 1 Flashcards
What are engrams?
The patterns that the brain uses to function
What are central pattern generators?
Information processing that occurs at the spinal cord
What are somites?
Series of tissue blocks on each side of the neural tube during the embryonic period
What derives from the embryonic somites?
Somatic structures: skeletal and associated muscles
What are viscera?
Internal organs with nonstriated smooth muscles
What is myoclonus?
Sudden and momentary muscle contraction involving 1 or more groups of muscles (spasm)
What are dorsal root ganglia?
The cell bodies of sensory nerves related to the somatic sensory nerves, located in the spinal cord
Which Brodmann’s area is Broca’s area?
44 and 45
Which Brodmann’s area is Wernicke’s area?
22
Which Brodmann’s area is the primary auditory cortex?
41 and 42
Which Brodmann’s area is the primary visual cortex, and which sulcus runs through it?
17, the calcarine sulcus
Which Brodmann’s area is the angular gyrus?
39
What glia cover the optic nerve?
Oligodendrocytes
What glia cover the axons of peripheral nerves?
Schwann cells
What is the forebrain portion of the embryonic brain, and what area does it become?
Prosencephalon, which becomes the telencephalon and the diencephalon
Which structures are included in the telencephalon?
The cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic lobe, and lateral ventricles
Which structures are included in the diencephalon?
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and the 3rd ventricle
What is the midbrain portion of the embryonic brain, and what area does it become?
The mesencephalon, which retains its name
Which structures are included in the mesencephalon?
Midbrain structures, and the cerebral aqueduct
What is the hindbrain portion of the embryonic brain, and what areas does it become?
The rhombencephalon, which becomes the metencephalon and the myelencephalon
What structures are included in the metencephalon?
The pons, cerebellum, and the 4th ventricle
What structures are included in the myelencephalon?
The medulla oblongata
What is cell tissue?
Functional grouping of cells
What is proliferation?
Repeated division of cells
What is differential growth?
Some cells selectively grow, which creates bumps
What is junction formation?
Cells attach to other cells, or adhere to the extracellular matrix
What are glial cells?
Cells which retain the ability to divide
What is the main source of tumours in the nervous system?
Glial cells
How does growth in the mature nervous system occur?
More cell to cell contacts
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death, to remove mistakes and shape organs
How is the neural tube formed?
By way of differential growth, the flat plate of cells forms a valley and two bumps
Where is the cingulate gyrus, and what is its role?
Above/around the corpus callosum, as part of the limbic system
Where is the tegmentum, and what does it consist of?
The ventral part of the midbrain, the superior colliculi
Where is the tectum, and what does it consist of?
The dorsal part of the midbrain, the inferior colliculi
What is the role of the septum pellucidum?
It separates the right and left lateral ventricles
What are association fibres?
Fibres that connect areas WITHIN the same lobe
What are projection fibres?
fibres that communicate BETWEEN the cerebral cortex and the brainstem & spinal cord
What are commissural fibres?
Fibres that connect centres in the LEFT AND RIGHT cerebral hemispheres
What glial cells myelinate cells in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
What is Schwann cell axon regeneration, and why is it possible?
Schwann cells can regenerate due to the substances available, unlike oligodendrocytes
What is the issue in the cellular structure of those with multiple sclerosis?
There is patchy demyelination in the central nervous system
What is the role of neuroglia?
To nurture the neurons
What is the role of neurons? What about them makes them capable of doing this?
To communicate, via their excitable membranes
What is the role of nuclei?
They are the source of DNA
What is the role of ribosomes?
Making proteins
What is the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RERs)?
Exportation of proteins
What are Nissl bodies? Where are they prominently located?
Accumulations of RER, with ribosomes for protein synthesis. They are abundant in neurons
What is the role of golgi apparatus?
Modification of proteins
What is the role of cytoskeletons? what is different about them in neurons?
Shaping and transporting materials. In neurons, they are very elaborate
What are microtubules, and what is their role?
Small tubes, which act as paths for the transport of materials within the cell and to the end of the axon
What is the role of mitochondria?
Energy creation
What is the role of lysosomes?
Carrying away cell waste
What is neurolemma, and what is its role?
The cell membrane found in neurons. It communicates with other cells
What is axonal transport?
The movement of organelles along the axon, to supply the end with the materials needed for the release of neurotransmitters
How does axonal transport contrast with action potentials?
Action potentials only occur along the membrane, and cause the release of neurotransmitters
What is an axon hillock?
The connection between the cell body and the axon, at which point action potentials begin
What are ependymal cells? What is their role?
Neuroglia cells that line the ventricles and spinal cord. Specialized ependymal cells create the choroid plexus, and secrete CSF
What are astrocytes, and what is their role? What is their special role in the CNS?
Neuroglia cells that nurse cells. They regulate the neural environment’s ions, neurotransmitters and glucose. They form the scar tissue for the CNS, and thus rapid development results in tumours
What are microglia?
Blood cells that become phagocytes - packmen
What is phagocytosis?
When microglia clean up debris by engulfing it
What is a motor unit?
A single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates
How do action potentials work?
Beginning at the axon hillock, they travel down the axon until the nerve terminus, where vesicles of the neurotransmitter are released, which fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane to release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, which binds with the post-synaptic membrane
What are the two ways that a signal can fail to active receptors in the post-synaptic membrane?
Re-uptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic membrane, or the release of an enzyme that blocks the neurotransmitter from entering the cleft
What enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter in muscle cells?
Acetylcholinesterase destroys acetylcholine
What is different in those with Alzheimer disease, in regards to neurotransmitters?
less neurotransmitter is delivered to the end terminus
What is myasthenia gravis? Why does exercise worsen this condition?
Acteylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane are defective. During exercise, the acetylcholine that is produced is wasted, as it can’t bind to the defective receptors
What are bipolar cells? Where are they found?
Dendrites off of one pole, and an axon off of the other pole. They’re found in the retina and the inner ear
What are unipolar cells? Where are they usually found? Give an example.
T-shaped - one branch off of the body, which then divides off. Common in peripheral sensory nerves, such as the spinal dorsal root ganglia
What is somatotopic organization?
The cortical representation in the brain, via a ‘Body map’ organization of the body, where there is more area for important structures
CN I-VII
On Old Olympic Towering Tops, A Finn And German View A Hop
Olfactory, Optic, oculomotor, trochlear (eye), trigeminal, abducens (eye), facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
