Lesson 8 Flashcards
Classifications of antimicrobial agents according to their overall effect on the microorganism
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal
these antimicrobials slow or retard bacterial cell’s ability to reproduce or divide
Bacteriostatic
these are antibiotics that cause cellular death
Bactericidal
Classifications of antimicrobial agents according to their scope of effectiveness
narrow spectrum
broad spectrum
these antimicrobials are effective against a limited type of microorganisms; used in definitive therapy
narrow spectrum
these antimicrobials are effective against a wide variety of microorganisms from the same strain; usually indicated for empiric therapy
broad spectrum
Classifications of antimicrobial agents according to purpose
curative
prophylactic
these are antibiotics that are used to treat an existing infection
curative
these antibiotics are used to prevent possible infection from occurring
prophylactic
this action of antibiotics results in the cell’s loss of structural integrity, which eventually leads to cell death
interfere with the biosynthesis of the cell wall
this action results in the leakage of cellular components, which leads to cellular degeneration and death
alter the permeability of the cell membrane
when the process of RNA and DNA synthesis is altered, cells cannot grow and multiply, which results to diminished number of cells and eventual cellular death
inhibit synthesis and replication of RNA and DNA
when protein synthesis is altered, cell division may be altered; hence, the cell will not be able to grow and divide, which results to diminished number of cells
interfere with the steps in CHON synthesis
alteration in the various processes
that are crucial for normal cellular functioning can lead to cellular starvation
alter other metabolic processes within the cell
most common antibiotic group that causes drug allergy
penicillin
Manifestations of organ toxicity
GI toxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Superinfection
Neurotoxicity
Photosensitivity
Allergic reactions
Blood dyscrasia
Kidney damage may range from (nephrotoxicity)
acute renal damage to full blown renal failure
Nephrotoxicity is the most frequent effect of what drugs
aminoglycosides
amphotericin B
quinolones
vancomycin
Nursing consideration for a client undergoing antibiotic therapy in order to prevent nephrotoxicity
proper hydration
Signs and symptoms of nephrotoxicity
- elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
-presence of edema - muscle cramps
- weakness
- fatigue
Group of antibiotics that cause hepatotoxicity
- cephalosporins
- erythromycin
- antitubercular drugs
Liver toxicity could lead to?
- chemical hepatitis
- hepatic necrosis
- liver cirrhosis
- hepatic cancer
Some antibiotics may exert toxicant damage to the cells of the CNS and the
PNS, causing?
- neuropathies
- axonopathies
- demyelination
- interference with neurotransmission
these antibiotics have a high affinity to the eighth cranial nerve, causing dizziness, vertigo, and deafness
aminoglycosides
this antibiotic can collect in the retina and optic nerve, resulting in visual disturbances and blindness
chloroquine
True or False
Other antibiotics can cause dizziness, drowsiness, lethargy, changes in reflexes, and even hallucinations when they irritate specific nerve tissues.
true
classes of antibiotics that cause thrombocytopenia
quinine
sulfonamide
vancomycin
class of antibiotic that causes aplastic anemia
chloramphenicol
classes of antibiotics that cause hemolytic anemia
cephalosprorins
fluoroquinolones
ciprofloxacin
rifampin
this reaction occurs because of the destruction of the normal flora
secondary effect
this occurs when the microorganism is able to adapt to the antibiotic and produces enzymes that resist the effects of the drug
resistance
Examples of antibiotic that can cause photosensitivity
doxycycline, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and trimethoprim.
To enhance therapy and minimize adverse effects, emphasize the importance of
- Personal hygiene
- Adequate rest
- Nutritional management
- ID bracelet/tag to patients with allergy
- recommended vaccines for high-risk groups
Explain in details the drug therapy of the patient and expectations of therapy
- adherence to drug therapy and completion of full course
- s/s that can be anticipated or must be reported
- relief of complaints
What populations are to be considered in antimicrobial drug therapy ?
pregnant
breastfeeding mothers
children
elderly
Major classes of antimicrobials
Antibacterials
Antivirals
Antimycotics or antifungal
Antiprotozoal
Anthelminthic
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Germicides
These agents prevent or treat bacterial infections
antibacterial agents
These drugs directly impact the viruses by influencing their replication and
development
antiviral drugs
treat fungal infections by killing
the fungal cells or inhibiting their reproduction.
antimycotic or antifungal
Subcategories of antibacterials
Aminoglycosides
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Macrolides
Quinolones
Antimycobacterials
Carbapenems
Miscellaneous Antibiotics
Subcategories of Antivirals
Fusion Inhibitors
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
NRTI
NNRTI
Protease Inhibitors
Purine Nucleosides
Gamma globulins
Subcategories of Antimycotics
Systemic antifungals
Topical antifungals
Antiprotozoal
Antimalarial agents
Other antiprotozoal agents
